The 30-Second Trick for Essay Samples for Scholarship Applications

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Essay about Not a Magic Solution to School Problems

Not a Magic Solution to School Problems School uniform policies are often referred to as a Band-Aid solution. They help hide more serious problems at the school by giving the school a nice look. Surveys of students and teachers show that in general people believe a well-dressed person is more intelligent and better behaved. Politicians like the look of school uniforms; many of them support this cause until the schools ask for more money. Uniforms are often implemented in schools that are overcrowded and have lower test scores. Many administrators think uniform create school pride; some even say that school pride increases test scores. There is a large amount of propaganda available about school uniforms; however, few articles†¦show more content†¦All professionals wear uniforms; thus, people associate a uniform with authority and knowledge. Prodigy Online polled its users to find out how well the general public supports mandatory school uniforms. The results concluded a sixty-six percent support for school uniform s; thirty percent opposed uniforms (Collie). There are many reasons why people supported uniform policies. Some people like uniforms because they wore them as children. Others like uniforms because they create the appearance that everyone is from a privileged background. In inner city schools, students and non-students can easily be located. Before schools implement uniform policies, the cost to families must be considered. Generally parents like school uniforms because they are relatively inexpensive. Cost range from thirty dollars to 150 dollars each depending on quality and quantity. This cost appears very reasonable. Some school even offer to deter costs for the less fortunate families. The uniforms are made very durable, but most children outgrow the uniforms before they wear them out. The thirty-dollar uniforms include a shirt only; the most expensive include nice slacks and a button down shirt. Unlike private school uniforms, none of the public schools include jackets in the price of the uniforms. I don’t understand why schools would mandate shirts only for uniforms. All schools I know of that require uniforms require dark slacks and a white (or other school color) shirt. AShow MoreRelated The Connections Between Artificial Intelligence and Other Fields1724 Words   |  7 Pagessimilar problems. The goal of this paper is to describe to the reader the impact that AI can create on seemingly unrelated fields. Introduction While Ginsberg defines artificial intelligence as the enterprise of constructing a physical-symbol system that can reliably pass the Turing test, it is about much more than that (Ginsberg 8). It is about creating a solution where one may not have existed, and eventually programming a machine to do the same. This incredible capacity to find solutions is whatRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : A Woman s Beauty Through Surgical Procedure1455 Words   |  6 Pagesliposuction. 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Even though you they may not find out immediately, there could be some long lasting affect that could result in many different problems to their daily life. By notRead MoreHarry Potter And The Sorcerer s Stone By J.k. Rowling1505 Words   |  7 Pagesthe mother of Logan Davis, wants to pull the book and keep it out of the hands of the students. Meanwhile, Mr. Greg Hartmann an English teacher at the school and the one who assigned Logan the book assignment in the first place, as well as some of the parents of the other students want to keep the book accessible to everyone. As a member of the school board, we need to look at both sides of the case in order to come to an appropriate conclusion. We will first review Mrs. Anna Davis’s claim and discussRead MoreDo You Believe? Evil? Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesto King James witches are everywhere, prone to promote evil and must be executed. Witchcraft a mysterious reality is alive and not always but bad but defiantly not always good. Despite, the majority of the world disliking and despising the black magic, its existence and practices witchcraft is just that; an existence and practices. Horrific and dark events that are caused by this voodoo have showcased bizarre incidents and rituals that are one hundred percent pure evil. This events have led to theRead MoreEssay on Public Education in America: Challenges and Solutions1345 Words   |  6 Pagescurriculum structure that is applied in a majority of schools, within the system. There desperately needs to be an engagement of ideas to mend the problems that the education system faces. Not only would it allow students a better chance at exercising their full potential, but society as a whole, will reap the benefits of a well-rounded education for all. The lack of familial support, or guidance many students receive can lead to behavioral problems in school, inability to focus on tasks, or complete workRead MoreEssay on Exploring the Religion of Taoism1094 Words   |  5 PagesBuddhist beliefs. These adaptations included replacing the search for self-knowledge and wisdom with that of searching for solutions to sorrow and physical limitations. This transition created several problems for the Taoists trying to escape reality. Alchemy and superstition became popular practices as Taoists tried to escape the real world. Many utilized superstition, magic, and the Tao to extend physical life rather than focus on an after-life. Gradually, Taoism became more complicatedRead MoreAnti Bullying Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesAnti-Bullying Laws and School Programs Lisa Aparicio Saint Joseph’s College The Need for Enhanced Anti-Bullying Laws and School Programs Bullying was traditionally considered rites of passage, something all children and youth must go through. This is a myth. In today’s violent growing society, bullying has been responsible for several acts of non-punishable crimes. The lack of attention to implementing and enforcing anti-bullying state laws, and funding anti-bullying school programs, is onlyRead MoreThe Feminist Literary Criticism : Women s Struggle Against Evil And Masculine Forces Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesliterary criticism of today is the direct product of the women’s moment of the 1960’s. Even Before the women’s moment, the thought and action of feminism possess in the classical traditional books. They had diagnosed the problem of women’s inequality and tried for solutions through their writings. These books include Virginia Woolf’s fiction, Jane Austen’s novels and John Stuart Mill’s feminist writings. The women moment in 1960 was basically a literary moment. It realized the significance of theRead MoreEssay On Software Management720 Words   |  3 Pagesinclude design, development, implementation and maintenance. My career commenced as a firmware developer at Shrishti and I worked on a project for routing voice over IP. Success on this project bestowed my confidence to provide software solutions to real-life problems. Although I admired the job, but work at Shrishti was predominantly on the firmware development side therefore, decided to acquire advanced programming and software development skills hence joined CDAC, one of the prestigious institutes

Negative Stereotypes of Asian Americans free essay sample

Rising Against Negative Stereotypes of Asian Americans in Popular Culture That Developed Throughout History Negative stereotypes of Asians have been collectively internalized by societies, and were manifested by a societys popular culture, including the media, literature, theatre, and other creative expressions. Throughout Americas history, Asian Americans have been conceived, treated, and portrayed as perpetual foreigners; un-assimilating and inherently foreign regardless of citizenship or duration of residence in America. These negative stereotypical views developed to what can be described as â€Å"the six faces of the oriental† which are the pollutant, the coolie, the deviant, the yellow peril, the model minority, and the gook (Lee, p. 8). Stereotypes like these have been preconceived overgeneralizations about a group, without regard to individual uniqueness. This is evident through numerous Supreme Court rulings, acts of legislature, and statements made in the nations media, such as Go back to China! (a familiar racist expression of xenophobia against Asian immigrants). The perceptions of Americans toward Asians in the media including characterizations of communication and social skills have drastically changed over the years. From the obvious negative stereotypes of the â€Å"six faces of the oriental† that developed in the 1800’s and early 1900’s to the perceived â€Å"positive† stereotype (but still actually negative) that occurred in the 1960’s to depict Asians as the â€Å"model minority,† the stereotypes never disappeared. These stereotypes placed on Asian Americans throughout history in popular culture were all negative, and today Asian Americans still experience these same negative racial stereotypes which we as Americans should strive to eliminate in order to grasp the idea of tolerance of Asian Americans in popular culture to create a less prejudiced society. The stereotypes of â€Å"the six faces of the oriental† derived from their ancestors during the time of immigration in the 1800’s and early 1900’s all portray a negative view toward Asian Americans. When Asian immigrants first arrived in the United States, they were welcomed as cheap labor. But after the California gold rush brought a flood of Asian immigrants to California, the cheap Asian labor began to be seen as a threat. What began as neutral or amusing stereotypical caricatures of Asians soon took on more negative connotations. The Coolie stereotype originated with Chinese laborers in the 1850’s as a way of preventing Chinese from entering the skilled trades. The lowest-paying unskilled jobs were called coolie labor or nigger work. The Yellow Peril or pollutant stereotype (referring to the â€Å"White American fear†) began to take hold in the 1890’s in California. Asians were viewed as alien and a threat to wage earners, and a movement began that had the goal of making California racially pure (Lee, p. 8). During this time, politicians and writers expressed numerous anti-Asian views, with headlines like The Yellow Peril' (Los Angeles Times, 1886) and Conference Endorses Chinese Exclusion (The New York Times, 1905). The Gook stereotype originated with the US Military during the Korean War as a generic term for Asians, and became more popular during the Vietnam War. A gook is an invisible and powerful enemy with superhuman endurance and ability to absorb punishment. The Model Minority stereotype originated in the 1950’s as a representation of successful assimilation of Asians that was contrasted with the less successful assimilation of those who did not fit the standards. Although this may have been perceived as a positive stereotype, this, like all of the six faces of the oriental, was still a negative stereotype because those who did not meet the qualifications of the â€Å"model minority† were looked down upon and discriminated against. These different yet similar labels set upon Asian Americans during the course of history all demonstrate a negative view toward Asian Americans, which can be proved with the evidence found within their popular culture. These negative racial stereotypes of Asian Americans displayed within history can be revealed within Asian American popular culture through various songs, movies, and other types of media for amusement or as a way to classify Asian Americans as being the inferior race. The depictions of Asians in popular culture, specifically the movies, were portrayed as servants, laborers, and laundrymen. In the pre-war era, there was no American Asian actor portraying an Asian hero. Throughout the course of history Asians in film have been portrayed as â€Å"evil† or the yellow peril. If Asians are not being classified as evil in this picture then they are most likely the comic relief, with their lack of coordination or grasp of the English language. With these common stereotypes in place, it gives a white American viewer a sense or need to destroy this Asian villain or superiority over the comedic character ortrayed in the film. The image of a kindly servant or detective, or a glamorous siren was ended when Pearl Harbor turned the Japanese into cruel and inhuman militarists. Now Japan was depicted as an enemy of unexampled ferocity and greed. â€Å"Yellowbellies†, â€Å"yellow bastards†, â€Å"yellow monkeys† were all standard phrases (Lee, 159-160). In the many Pacific War movies the Japanese were depicted without morals and killers even of prisoners and the wounded, as well as women and children. The media, both informative and entertainment, made certain that the American public realized that â€Å"the Japanese dared to challenge the dominant white establishment † (Lee, 171). By depicting them so sadistically, the media made certain that the Japanese, in particular, would be looked upon as an inhuman, or as an uncivilized race. This had to do with the effects of the attacks of Pearl Harbor where, as a result, Japanese Americans were treated with hatred and racial prejudice. This was based on the idea that because the Japanese bombed America, all Japanese were seen as enemies that could not be trusted. This image persisted until after Hiroshima and Nagasaki felt the terror of an atomic bomb, and Japan surrendered. These stereotypes exposed in Asian American popular culture that reflected the stereotypes that derived from Asian American historical events were far from tolerable and should not have been acceptable then or now. The negative views of Asian Americans in popular culture unfortunately did not diminish over time, and although stereotypes changed to be more â€Å"positive†, these discriminatory labels can still be observed today in recent popular culture. Among the stereotypes about Asian Americans, the model minority  stereotype might be the most pervasive and dominant one today. This developed during the 1960’s when the Asian American resistance movement was beginning. Asian Americans were then proclaimed as a â€Å"model minority for their academic excellence, affluence, strong work ethic, freedom from problems and crime, and family cohesion. They are typically represented as overachievers who are intelligent, industrious, technologically savvy, self-disciplined, self-sufficient, and law-abiding. Although this may seem like a good stereotype, a stereotype is still a stereotype, and this was still in fact negative because those who did not fit the â€Å"model minority† were looked down upon. This model minority stereotype can be seen in recent popular culture. Some examples are the characters portrayed by George Huang  in Law Order: SVU, Cristina Yang  in Greys Anatomy, and Archie Kao  in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. These characters are portrayed in roles that emphasize attributes of higher education, intelligence, and professional work ethic. An Intel Centrino Ad, launched in 2005, also depicts the â€Å"model minority† stereotype. While marketing mobile technology, the ad campaign features well known celebrities like pro skateboarder Tony Hawk, actor John Cleese, singer Seal, and soccer player Michael Owen, but makes Lucy Liu (the personified laptop entertainment) the primary focus of the ad. It is  conceivable that Intel used her Asian image to attach associations of high quality and intelligence to the Intel product. Therefore it is evident that negative stereotypes are clearly visible in today’s popular culture and reflect the negative stereotypes produced in earlier history. Although racial stereotypes are often camouflaged or rendered invisible, once produced as a category of social difference it is present everywhere in the social formation and deeply imbedded in the popular culture† (Dave, Nishime, and Oren, p. 7) Once these stereotypes are produced, it can be said that they will remain within popular culture as time continues. This however, is very unfortunate and it is vital that as Ame ricans we rise against the negatively stereotyped Asian Americans and protest against popular culture that still exposes these stereotypes like the model minority. For Asian Americans, the United States has never been a place in which true assimilation and equality is possible as a result of prejudice and stereotypes. Asian Americans have come a long way from a history of discrimination and segregation that other racial minorities have also faced. The racial labels including the â€Å"six faces of the oriental†, slurs, and fear of being an economic threat developed through popular culture during the 1800’s and 1900’s and still persist in current society. With these cultural representations already determined by the outside world, it has been increasingly more difficult for one to break such representation due to factors in society normalizing these representations with the use of the media in popular culture. Examining this issue in a historical perspective, a pattern is established in which Asians are continually being objectified into some negative label for white America. It is up to the current population of America to once and for all reak this pattern so that Asian Americans, as well as other races, can be observed in popular culture without being negatively stereotyped. We all must come together and protest by vocalizing against any forms of popular culture that negatively stereotype Asian Americans. Our founding fathers wanted to create a nation where â€Å"all men are created equal† and it is only fair to any American to make them feel this statement to be true. Hopefully there will come a day when stereotypes will be diminished completely, and we can finally live in a country where all men are truly created equal.

The Maya Civilisation (Central America)

The Maya Civilization covered Northern Guatemala and bordering areas of Mexico, Belize and Honduras (Demarest 2004). Demarest (2004) adds that this empire covered the Petà ©n rainforest. â€Å"Maya civilization’s monuments displayed unrivalled success in astronomy, mathematics, calendrics and violent political history† (Demarest 2004, p.35).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Maya Civilisation (Central America) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For that reason, it is one of the most powerful and widely studied ancient civilizations. Ancient Maya’s success can be traced to a strong trade network, technological advances, strong leadership and valuable resources such as salt (Conrad 2006). On the other hand, its surprise collapse was associated with internal power struggles, climate change and poor socio-economic structures (Demarest 2004). This paper provides an insight into the Maya Civilisat ion. Suck (2008) states that the classic ancient Maya existed between 250 and 900 A. D. Therefore, this civilization lasted until the Spanish conquest of Central America. Maya Civilization was characterized by cities and states with palaces, temples and stone monuments (Suck 2008). In addition, these states were ruled by kings or lords who had divine powers. According to Demarest (2004), the ancient Maya had a complex civilization made up of millions of people. Astonishingly, this population was sustained for more than two thousand years. Demarest (2004) affirms that the Maya Civilization was located on the eastern part of the modern day Mesoamerica. Geographically, this area covers Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and parts of Honduras (Demarest 2004). For many years, Mexico and most parts of Central America interacted in trade, conquest and other things. These interactions led to the sharing of many features across a large geographical area. The confines of the Maya Civiliza tion are, thus, contentious since they changed with the movement of cultural behaviours and traditions. The ancient Maya accomplished impressive and compelling political, social and economic success. Extraordinary pre-conquest cities such as Tikal and Caracol attest to this success (Conrad 2006). A well developed and widespread commercial network between Mayan states is cited as one of the reasons for this success. Consequently, the ancient Maya had unrivalled trade networks. In addition, the civilization had made large strides in technological advances (Conrad 2006). For instance, farmers used raised fields and practiced extensive irrigation. Accordingly, these technologies increased output and strengthened the economy. Conrad (2006) adds that some of the Maya cities were endowed with valuable resources.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, salt, one of the most valuab le items at this period, was readily available. For that reason, trade involving salt and other luxuries raised the profile of states and rulers within the Maya Civilization. Furthermore, some of the Maya states had powerful warlords who could subdue and capture neighbouring territories. For instance, Tikal, during the reign of Jaguar Paw, conquered many states (Conrad 2006). According to most scholars, the collapse of the Maya Civilization is still debatable (Demarest 2004). There has been little agreement on the causes and nature of this collapse. In 800 A.D., the Maya Civilization consisted of hundreds of powerful cities (Minster n.d.). At the same time, Maya culture was thriving. However, in 900 A.D., the civilization was in ruins. This mysterious down fall can be traced to a number of factors. To start with, most of the Ancient Maya states had a flexible system of succession (Demarest 2004). Therefore, these states allowed a suitable heir to take the mantle of leadership after a ruler died. Nonetheless, this succession system was highly unstable due to frequent battles for the throne. Constant wars led to the disintegration of alliances formed by prominent leaders. Therefore, unstable dynamics of famous cities such as Tikal and Calakmul are some of the factors that contributed to the collapse of the Maya Civilization. Cross cultural studies show that complex societies are problem-solving institutions (Demarest 2004). For that reason, they offer more social disparity, more inequality and more centralization. Most Maya cities were decentralized with communities and families taking charge of many segments of the economy. These social weaknesses contributed to the inability of the Classic Maya states to compete with neighbouring states in Mesoamerica. Neighbouring states had adopted a more centralized approach in which elites directly managed trade, rituals and warfare (Demarest 2004). Additionally, termination of trade routes connecting states in the Maya Ci vilization had a direct effect on its decline (Conrad 2006). Reduced trade routes meant that less trade took place within the civilization. Finally, Suck (2008) reiterates that the collapse of Maya’s central lowland cities was due to insufficient agricultural activities. Widespread deforestation resulted into droughts which led to massive crop failures. According to Suck (2008), these droughts were related to climate change brought about by environmental degradation. To many people, the achievements of the ancient Maya are astounding. Similarly, its decline and disappearance is a mystery to many. However, the remains of Maya Civilization help in understanding its volatile and vibrant political structure and ideology, rituals and the instability that facilitated its decline (Demarest 2004). Nonetheless, scholars have conflicting evidence on its collapse. Therefore, the debate on the decline of the Maya Civilization is still alive.Advertising We will write a custom essay s ample on The Maya Civilisation (Central America) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Conrad, D 2006, The ancient Maya: A commercial empire. Web. Demarest, A 2004, Ancient Maya: The rise and fall of a rainforest civilisation, Cambridge University Press, New York. Minster, c n.d., What happened to the ancient  Maya? Web. Suck, C 2008, The classic Maya collapse, Totem: The University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 16, no.1. Web. This essay on The Maya Civilisation (Central America) was written and submitted by user Kaitlynn Gould to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Current Issues And Corporate Failures Of Maxwell Communication Accounting Essay Essay Example

Current Issues And Corporate Failures Of Maxwell Communication Accounting Essay Essay Example Current Issues And Corporate Failures Of Maxwell Communication Accounting Essay Essay Current Issues And Corporate Failures Of Maxwell Communication Accounting Essay Essay Introduction The focal point of this essay is to follow the development of corporate administration in the context of the UK over the past old ages. I will besides be looking at the impacts of corporate failure in Maxwell communicating. Finally, decision will be given. Background of Maxwell Communication Robert Maxwell was born British on 10 June 1923 and died on 5 November 1991, and was member of media owner and former member of parliament, ( MP ) who rose from poorness to construct an extended publication imperium, which collapsed after his decease due to the deceitful minutess Maxwell had committed to back up his concern imperium, including illegal usage of pension financess. Corporate Administration Corporate administration is the procedure of supervising and control intended to guarantee that the company s direction act in conformity with the involvements of stockholders. ( Parkinson, 1994 ) Corporate administration is concerned with issues such as effectivity and efficiency of operations, dependability of fiscal coverage, conformity with the jurisprudence and ordinances, and safeguarding of assets. Corporate administration commissions The Cadbury study 1992 As a consequence of the Maxwell matter in 1991 which saw Maxwell abuse his power and take money out of a pension fund to put in his concern activities, the Cadbury study in 1992 was formed covering three countries board of managers, scrutinizing and stockholders. The Cadbury study focused attending on the board of managers as being the most of import corporate administration mechanism, necessitating changeless monitoring and appraisal. However, the accounting and scrutinizing map were besides to play an indispensable function in good corporate administration, stressing the importance of corporate transparence and communicating with stockholders and other stakeholders . ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) The Greenbury study 1995 As a consequence of public and stockholders concerns about manager s wage a 2nd commission was formed which produced the Greenbury codification of best pattern in 1995. The new codification focused on four major countries, The function of a Remuneration Committee in puting the wage bundles for the CEO and other managers ; The needed degree of revelation needed by stockholders sing inside informations of managers wage and whether there is the demand to obtain stockholder blessing ; Specific guidelines for finding a wage policy for managers ; and eventually Service contracts and commissariats adhering the Company to pay compensation to a manager, peculiarly in the event of dismissal for unsatisfactory public presentation. The Greenbury Code recommended the constitution of a wage Committee, consisting wholly of non-executive managers, to find the wage of the executive managers. However, in footings of service contracts, Greenbury recommended a maximal notice period of 12 months instead than three old ages as suggested by Cadbury. It was non widely accepted as many believed that the recommendations made did non sufficiently cover with the issue of associating managers pay to the Company s public presentation in the involvements of stockholders. ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) Hampel study 1998 The Hampel Committee was established in 1996 to reexamine and revise the earlier recommendations of the Cadbury and Greenbury Committees. The Final study emphasized rules of good administration instead than explicit regulations in order to cut down the regulative load on companies and avoid box-ticking so as to be flexible adequate to be applicable to all companies. It was recognized that good corporate administration will mostly depend on the peculiar state of affairs of each company. This accent on rules would last into the Combined Code. Hampel viewed administration from a rigorous principal/agent position sing corporate administration as an chance to heighten long term stockholder value, which was asserted as the primary aim of the company. This was a new development from the Cadbury and Greenbury Codes which had chiefly focused on forestalling the maltreatment of the discretional authorization entrusted to direction. In peculiar, the study favoured greater stockholder engagement in company personal businesss. For illustration, while the study recommended that unrelated proposals should non be bundled under one declaration stockholders, peculiarly institutional stockholders, were expected to follow a, considered policy on vote. Another cardinal progress was in the country of answerability and audit. The Board was identified as holding duty to keep a sound system of internal control, thereby safeguarding stockholders investings. Further, the Board was to be held accountable for all facets of hazard direction, as opposed to merely the fiscal controls as recommended by Cadbury. Hampel did non progress the argument on manager s wage, taking merely to repeat rules built-in in Greenbury. In peculiar Hampel did non believe that managers wage should be a affair for stockholder blessing in general meeting. This would non go a demand until the debut of The Directors Remuneration Report Regulations in 2002. ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) Combined Code 1998 The Combined Code consolidated the rules and recommendations of the Cadbury, Greenbury and Hampel studies. It was formulated in 1998 and revised in 2003 following the publication of the Higgs study. The Code is divided into two subdivisions. The first lineations rules of best pattern and their supporting commissariats for companies, while the 2nd does the same for stockholders. While conformity with the Code is non compulsory, the Code was appended to the listing regulations and listing regulation 12:43A requires a statement by companies to supply stockholders with sufficient information to be able to measure the extent of conformity with subdivision one of the Code. Cases of non-compliance should be justified to shareholders.16 November, 2004 Milestones in UK Corporate Governance Section 1 of the Code is comprehensive covering subjects such as the composing and operations of the Board, managers wage, relationships with stockholders, the supply of information, and answerability and audit. The fact that the Code has provided both rules and commissariats has resulted in a Code that is powerful plenty to consequence specific recommendations and flexible plenty to be applicable to most companies. Section 2 of the Code is much shorter, covering stockholder vote, duologue with companies and the rating of administration revelations. As institutional investors invest on behalf of the stockholders they represent they have a duty to keep the companies in which they invest to account. In peculiar, the Code recognized that the duty for keeping good duologue and common apprehension belongs to both companies and its institutional investors. Finally when measuring the quality of administration revelation by companies, institutional investors are to give due weight to all relevant factors. This is instead obscure and the country has been recognized as a defect of the Code, taking to rank associations of institutional investors holding to bring forth counsel to its members on this country. ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) The Turnbull study 1999 The turnbull commission was established specifically to turn to the issues of internal control and respond to the commissariats in the combined codification. The study provided an overview of the systems of internal control in being in the UK companies and made clear recommendations for betterments, without taking a normative attack. ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) Higgs Report 2003 A study was published in 2003 following Derek Higgs study into the function of non executive managers. The study recommended a figure of alterations to the Combined Code and a alteration of the Code in July 2003 incorporated most of the Higgs recommendations. The Report examined the function, independency and enlisting of non-executive managers. Higgs viewed the non-executive manager s function as: Making parts to corporate scheme ; supervising the public presentation of executive direction ; fulfilling them selves sing the effectivity of internal control ; Puting the wage of executive managers ; and being involved in the nomination, remotion and sequence planning of senior direction. The Combined Code recommended that Boards should consist of at least one-third non executive managers, a bulk of whom should be independent. However, the Code did non detail how to measure independency. Therefore Higgs outlined a series of trials of independency such as length of service, associations to executive direction, fiscal involvement or important shareholding. In peculiar cross-directorships were identified as compromising independency, the simplest instance being where two managers act as executive managers and non executive managers instead at two companies. However, in pattern there may be a complicated web of inter-relationships such that it remains hard to externally find a managers independency. With respect to recruitment, Higgs recommended stronger commissariats regulating nomination commissions. Higgs called for all listed companies to set up a nomination commission, chaired by an independent non executive manager ( non the Chairman ) and consisting a bulk of independent non-executive managers. However, it was recognized that the recommendations sing non-executive managers would be harder for smaller companies to follow. ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) The Smith study 2003 As an concomitant to the Higgs study another reappraisal was commissioned by the UK authorities in response to the Enron dirt, with the purpose of analyzing the function of the audit commission in the UK corporate administration. The study dealt with the relationship between the external hearers and the companies they audit, every bit good as the function and duties of companies audit commissions. ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) Revised Combined Code 2003 The revised Combined Code, published in July 2003 was a direct consequence of the recommendations of the Higgs study outlined above and besides the Smith reappraisal refering Audit Committees. As with the 1998 Combined Code, companies are required to describe on their conformity against the Code and should explicate countries of non-compliance. The revised Combined Code is effectual for Companies with fiscal old ages get downing on or after 1 November 2003. The new Code sums to a important alteration of the 1998 Code. In peculiar the Code calls for, a separation of the functions of the Chairman and Chief Executive. The Chairman should fulfill the standards for independency on assignment, but should non, thenceforth, be considered independent when measuring the balance of board rank ; A Board of at least half independent non executive managers. The Code defines independency as recommended by the Higgs Report ; Candidates for Board choice to be drawn from a wider pool ; the Board, its commissions and managers to be capable to an one-year public presentation reappraisal ; at least one member of the audit commission to hold recent and relevant fiscal experience ; and In contrast to the Higgs Report, the revised Code permits the Chairman to chair the nominations commission, except where the commission is sing the assignment of the president s replacement. ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) The impacts of corporate failure in Maxwell communicating Fraud-proofing pension strategies is about impossible, but in response to Robert Maxwell s larceny of more than four 100 and 50 million lbs from his employees pension financess the authorities set up the Pension Compensation Board. This board ensures that money that is non returned to the pension fund by the employer is compensated, up to a upper limit of 90 per centum of the entire losingss. The thought is that employees should neer be so badly disadvantaged by pension fund fraud once more. The fund directors, under the way of Robert Maxwell, used the collateral from these loans to shore up up the portion monetary value of the ailing group and farther increased the fund s exposure to self-investments. As the group collapsed, a big per centum of the pension fund assets were lost. Following this dirt, a self-investment bound of 5 % was introduced and legal guardians were given the duty to guarantee such bounds were adhered to. The 1995 Pensions Act besides introduced mulcts for regulation breaches by legal guardians, and eventual disqualification and emphasised the demand for equal administration criterions and basic prudential investing direction rules. In peculiar, it introduced a demand for independent keepers, less purchase by the employer over the legal guardians ( more employee legal guardians ) , and better independent actuarial information for legal guardians. Furthermore, statute laws besides differ in the extent to which there are direct or indirect qualitative controls on the function of pension financess in corporate personal businesss. These include for illustration, regulations on engagement in stockholder meetings, on voting confederations between different pension financess, and on the election of boards of private corporations. Pension financess in the UK for illustration, have no legal responsibility to vote, while those in the US do. On the other manus, UK pension financess that hold a block of portions are non capable to any filing demands, wile those in the US must register the 13 ( vitamin D ) Form with the Securities Exchange Commission. US pension financess can in fact be sued for transgressing any responsibility of revelation to their program participants. This applies to investors who, separately or jointly, keep 5 % or more of a house s equity. Hence, while single action by a pension fund is non required in the UK, UK financess face fewer revelation obstructions to move jointly than their US opposite numbers when vote in the election of boards of companies. In reasoning good corporate administration is non merely a affair of ordering to peculiar corporate constructions and following with a figure of difficult fast regulations. There is an underlying demand for wide rules that extend beyond immediate effects to societal effects. The ways in which a company gives consequence to these rules might take to the corporate failure, and this differs harmonizing to its size, complexness and whether its portions are made publically available. As Maxwell communicating collapsed, a big per centum of the pension fund assets were lost. Following this dirt, a self-investment bound of 5 % was introduced and legal guardians were given the duty to guarantee such bounds were adhered to

Click and Drag a Delphi Form Without the Caption Bar

Click and Drag a Delphi Form Without the Caption Bar The most common way to move a window is to drag it by its title bar. Read on to find out how you can provide dragging capabilities for Delphi forms without a title bar, so the user can move a form by clicking anywhere on the client area. For example, consider the case of a Windows application that doesnt have a title bar, how can we move such a window?  In fact, its possible to create windows with a nonstandard title bar and even non-rectangular forms. In this case, how could Windows know where the borders and the corners of the window are? The WM_NCHitTest Windows Message The Windows operating system is heavily based on handling messages. For example, when you click on a window or a control, Windows sends it a wm_LButtonDown message, with additional information about where the mouse cursor is and which control keys are currently pressed. Sounds familiar? Yes, this is nothing more than an OnMouseDown event in Delphi. Similarly, Windows sends a wm_NCHitTest message whenever a mouse event occurs, that is, when the cursor moves, or when a mouse button is pressed or released. Code to Input If we can make Windows think that the user is dragging (has clicked on) the title bar rather than the client area, then the user could drag the window by clicking in the client area. The easiest way to do this is to fool Windows into thinking that youre actually clicking on the title bar of a form. Heres what you have to do: 1. Insert the following line into your forms Private declarations section (message handling procedure declaration): procedure WMNCHitTest(var Msg: TWMNCHitTest) ; message WM_NCHitTest; 2. Add the following code into the implementation section of your forms unit (where Form1 is the  assumed form name): procedure TForm1.WMNCHitTest(var Msg: TWMNCHitTest) ;begin   Ã‚   inherited;  Ã‚   if Msg.Result htClient then Msg.Result : htCaption;end; The first line of code in the message handler calls the inherited method to obtain the default handling for the wm_NCHitTest message. The If part in the procedure intercepts and changes your windows behavior. This is what actually happens: when the operating system sends a wm_NCHitTest message to the window, together with the mouse coordinates, the window returns a code that states which portion of itself has been hit. The important piece of information, for our task, is in the value of the Msg.Result field. At this point, we have an opportunity to modify the message result. This is what we do: if the user has clicked in the forms client area we make Windows to think the user clicked on the title bar. In Object Pascal words: if the message return value is HTCLIENT, we simply change it to HTCAPTION. No More Mouse Events By changing the default behavior of our forms we remove the ability of Windows to notify you when the mouse is over the client area. One side effect of this trick is that your form will no longer generate events for mouse messages. Captionless-Borderless Window If you want a captionless borderless window similar to a floating toolbar, set the Forms Caption to an empty string, disable all of the BorderIcons, and set the BorderStyle to bsNone. A form can be changed in various ways by applying custom code in the CreateParams method. More WM_NCHitTest Tricks If you look more carefully at the wm_NCHitTest message youll see that return value of the function indicates the position of the cursor hot spot. This enables us to play some more with the message to create strange results. The following code fragment will prevent users to close your forms by clicking on the Close button. if Msg.Result htClose then Msg.Result : htNowhere; If the user is trying to move the form by clicking on the caption bar and dragging, the code replaces the result of the message with a result which indicates the user clicked on the client area. This prevents the user from moving the window with the mouse (opposite to what we were doing in the begging of the article). if Msg.Result htCaption then Msg.Result : htClient; Having Components On a Form In most cases, well have some components on a form. Lets say, for example, that one Panel object is on a form. If Align property of a panel is set to alClient, the Panel fills the entire client area so that it is impossible to select the parent form by clicking on it. The code above will not work - why? Its because the mouse is always moving over the Panel component, not the form. To move our form by dragging a panel on the form we have to add few lines of code in the OnMouseDown event procedure for the Panel component: procedure TForm1.Panel1MouseDown  Ã‚   (Sender: TObject; Button: TMouseButton;  Ã‚   Shift: TShiftState; X, Y: Integer) ;begin   Ã‚   ReleaseCapture;   Ã‚   SendMessage(Form1.Handle, WM_SYSCOMMAND, 61458, 0) ; end; Note: This code will not work with non-window controls such as TLabel components.

Managing strategic change is fundamental to business success Discuss Essay

Managing strategic change is fundamental to business success Discuss - Essay Example Lewin attempted to explain organizational change by using the example of the physical changes an ice cube undergoes over time. He noted that if you have an ice cube that you want to change to a cone of ice, you melt the ice cube (unfreeze) then you model (change) the water into the cone shape you want by freezing the water (refreeze). By analyzing the change as a process, with specific stages, a manager can begin to monitor and manage the transition. Understanding the reason why the change has to take place is very important in any successful process of change. During the unfreezing stage, some factors have to be accomplished. The organization is prepared in order to accept the changes required. It entails breaking down the existing procedures and management strategies to facilitate the adoption of changes. An important aspect of this process is identifying and developing a good reason why the organization cannot continue in its current way of doing things. Pointers such as poor financial results, declining sales figures, negative feedback from customer satisfaction surveys can be useful in developing the message necessitating the need for change that other people can see, preparing the organization for the impending changes is necessary and the process begins at the center of the organization. Beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors that are currently held must be challenged to pave way for the implementation of the needed changes. This is the most problematic stage because by disrupting the way things are usually done, you destabilize people in the organization who depend on routine to perform their daily duties, which may evoke very strong reactions from the people affected. There is uncertainty created. Through challenging the organization to change, a controlled crisis is created that can be a tool for motivation in order to establish a new equilibrium where people are comfortable with the new changes. At

The Current and Future use of Internet Technologies for LLOYDS TSB Essay

The Current and Future use of Internet Technologies for LLOYDS TSB Bank - Essay Example The first ATM put up by City Bank of New York heralded the era where technology graduated from being a superficial accessory to being an integral part of the entire banking process. The present form of online banking finds its roots in the pioneering initiative launched by four of the major banks of New York, Citibank, Chemical Bank, Chase Manhattan and Manufacturers Hanover bank. These banks simultaneously, yet individually, offered home banking services that allowed bank customer to maintain records as well as carry out transactions without leaving the comforts of their home (Mary J.C., 1997) Internet Banking received a major boost with the rapid development and penetration of banking activities conducted over the internet. Activities like money transfer and securities trading can be done through internet banking. It’s a virtual bank in itself which is often an extension of its brick and mortar model. With expanding information technology it is wise for the banks to adopt and leverage it, for expansion of business and better and faster delivery of services to the customer. Some of the benefits of internet banking are:Â   Internet banking is being used both in B2B (business to business) and retail banking. There are also some banks which only have a virtual presence, for example Nexity Bank. Generally bigger banks tend to offer internet banking. This is because smaller banks often find the cost of the service unprofitable before they expand to a certain scale (Gup B.E., 2003) Lloyds TSB is the largest retail bank in UK serving over 30 million customers. Being one of the largest banks in UK and the world, it has taken to internet technology in a big way and offers an array of services to its customers over the internet. Some of the internet banking services offered by TSB are like payment of bills, management of direct debit and standing orders, online application for savings account– over draft –

Probing and Using Website Resources Essay Example for Free

Probing and Using Website Resources Essay One vital consideration in writing any factual paper is the quality of evidence provided to prove a particular point in the paper. Whether it be an essay, a research, a thesis or a term paper or a dissertation, or any other form of scholarly writing, one should consider the veracity of information provided. To do this, one should probe not just the quality of the information but also the source from which the data came from. More often than not, one’s primary source of information is the internet. How then could one determine which information should be considered authentic and credible and which should be considered as junk? A number of reference materials are available online: e-books, books converted to e-texts, periodicals (newspapers, magazines, trade and industry journals, scholarly journals), essays, articles. In deciding from what particular internet page should a bit of information be lifted, one should determine the credibility of source, evaluate the accuracy or objectivity of the material, trace history of the source to ascertain the information’s relevance to current situations, and establish the reliability of the materials to be cited. To have a clearer understanding of the process, we shall examine two web sites linking to specific pages that expound on gender difference and related article. Following are the sites that will be the foci of the evaluation: 1. Wang, Jiongjiong, et al. (2007) â€Å"Gender difference in neural response to psychological stress. † Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2007 2(3):227-239. Retrieved March 26, 2009 from Oxford Journals Website: http://scan. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/content/full/2/3/227. 2. Brescoll Victoria. (2008, April 4). â€Å"People Accept Anger In Men, But Women Who Lose Their Temper Are Seen As Less Competent, Study Shows. † ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 26, 2009, from http://www. sciencedaily. com ¬ /releases/2008/04/080402152707. htm Probing and Using Website Resources 2 Since the first website is an online facility for the Oxford University Press, hence materials that are available in the site are likewise available in print. Scholarly journals usually reports results of original research, contains an in-depth analysis of the subject matter (hence present lengthy articles), are intended for academic audience and usually presents materials that have been reviewed by other people who have authority over the subject. Scholarly journals likewise contain academic level book reviews. Like any printed scholarly journals oxfordjournals. com presents the article with all the vital elements: complete research headings (abstract, body of the research, supplementary data and the reference section). Researchers, academicians, professors and scholars are the usual authors of articles in a scholarly journal. In this website, reference to the credibility of the authors are indicated by their other writings available either in print or on-line in the reference section at the end of the article. Graphics are likewise provided to better explain certain points in the research (i. e. charts, table, formulas, and diagrams). What makes the article more trustworthy is the fact that other materials where the article has been cited were also mentioned at the latter part of the page. What makes the material user friendly is the use of hyperlinks that make it easier for users to navigate throughout the site with ease. The second website is that of ScienceDaily. com, which features a Yale University psychologist’s article on the relating other’s perception of a person’s competency and general favorable acceptance to gender-related display of emotional response. In contrast to the other website, the writing style used in presenting the ideas of the writer is less formal, concise and more direct forward. Furthermore, general information about the Probing and Using Website Resources 3 subject and the results of a particular study that serves as the author’s supporting material. No proper reference to the source had been mentioned however, thus limiting a researcher’s grasp of the complete idea or result of the study presented in the article. In addition to this, there were no graphs or other representations to further explain the subject are seen on the page, except for graphical illustrations of other sites and that have linked to the site for marketing purposes and hyperlinks used basically to promote an institution, a program or other articles. These advertisements makes reading less centered on the article and more directed to other sites promoting other products. All these made the previously explored site more credible than this site. Considering the evaluation, I prefer the first website over the second for the following reasons: 1) the first website presents overall credibility on the subject matter being presented; 2) although the 2nd website is easier to read and can be read in less than five minutes, the first website presented the result of the research in part (sub-headings, hyperlinks and color coded divisions [gray-colored boxes to separate graphics and sub-headings from the main content]), which made it easier to understand although would take more time to finish; 3) lesser advertisements are seen on the second website making the reading process more directed to the material; and 4) site-related inquiries (i. e. feedback and subscription forms) are placed strategically within the page. After evaluating these cites, I realized that not all data that may be seen on the net should immediately be considered credible. One should be responsible in determining the credibility of the source of the material as well as the reliability of the data presented in the material. Probing and Using Website Resources References: Wang, Jiongjiong, et al. (2007) â€Å"Gender difference in neural response to psychological stress. † Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. Retrieved March 26, 2009 from Oxford Journals Website: http://scan. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/content/full/2/3/227. Yale University (2008, April 4). People Accept Anger In Men, But Women Who Lose Their Temper Are Seen As Less Competent, Study Shows. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 26, 2009, from http://www. sciencedaily. com ¬ /releases/2008/04/080402152707. htm

Difficulty With Essays -- Writing Education Writer Essays

Difficulty With Essays Trying to write an essay is difficult. Reading a book with the very nicely written essays is great and allows me to see examples of good essays. Suggestions such as the journalist’s questions, mapping, brainstorming, and idea books give support and guidance that are supposed to be helpful. After reading all the material of what goes into an essay and the helpful suggestions to get me started in the right direction, such as ways to overcome writer’s block, it is time to begin. Still nothing; I just sit there in front of the computer. I ask myself, how can I use all of the useful information that has been given to me? I try mapping and brainstorming, but a topic or idea is needed. Frustration, irritation, and confusion are very strong emotions I have at this point. I go back to the text and reread one of the stories, and something clicks. An experience comes to me that can be related easily to one of the stories in the required text, so I begin. Ideas for the essay pop into my head. Writing begins fast at first with all the examples found, personal experiences I can write about, and the thoughts evoked by the story that was read or idea I came up with. When rereading what has been put down on paper or typed on the computer, it all of a sudden becomes unclear or out of focus as to what those written words have to do with the thesis or the story. The ideas somehow have nothing to do with what I was trying to convey. The frustration of what is in my head and what I want to put down on paper is intense. When taking my ideas to someone to run by them, again the ideas sound great and clear. I do not know how many times I have heard, â€Å"That’s great! Write it like you just told me.† How did ... ...the ideas that I am trying to express in my essay? How do I get them to come across to the reader in sentences that make sense? How do I come up with enough of them to cover the amount of pages required? The Webster’s Pocket Dictionary and Thesaurus are my only insight into the world of words and their meaning or usage. How wonderful it would be to have the ability to sit down and just write colorful and animated essays without frustration, irritation, and confusion. I can see my fingers flying across the keyboard, putting down words that make sense to the reader and me. What a thought! Someday this might happen, but until it does reality returns and I am once again asking myself if what I am writing is good enough. Work Cited Valeri-Gold, Maria, and Mary P. Deming. Making Connection Through Reading and Writing. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1994.

War: Effect on the Economy

Shomoi Francis Mr. Joseph English 12 26 November 2012 War: Effect on Economy War has influenced economic history profoundly across time and space. Winners of wars have shaped economic institutions and trade patterns. Wars have influenced technological developments. Above all, recurring war has drained wealth, disrupted markets, and depressed economical growth. Wars are expensive (in money and other resources), destructive (of capital and human capital), and disruptive (of trade, resource availability, labor management). Large wars make up severe shocks to the economies of participating countries.Despite some positive aspects of short-term stimulation and long-term destruction and rebuilding, war generally impedes economic development and undermines wealth. Several specific economic effects of war recur across historical eras and locales. Next inflation, the most consistent short-term economic effect of war is to push up prices, and consequently to reduce living standards. This war-in duced inflation was described in ancient China by the strategist Sun Tzu: â€Å"Where the army is, prices are high; when prices raise the wealth of the people is exhausted† (Tzu Sun, c. 00 BCE) His advice was to keep wars short and have the money in hand before assembling an army. Paying for wars is a central problem for states (see War Finance). This was especially true in early modern Europe (fifteenth to eighteenth centuries), when war relied heavily on mercenary forces. The king of Spain was advised that waging war required three things – money, money, and more money. Spain and Portugal imported silver and gold from America to pay for armies, but in such large quantities that the value of these metals eventually eroded.One way governments pay for war is to raise taxes (which in turn reduces civilian spending and investment). U. S. revolutionary Thomas Paine warned in 1787 that â€Å"war †¦ has but one thing certain, and that is to increase taxes. † Anot her way to pay for war is to borrow money, which increases government debt, but war-related debts can drive states into bankruptcy as they did to Spain in 1557 and 1596. A third way to fund war is to print more currency, which fuels inflation. Inflation thus often acts as an indirect ax on a national economy to finance war. Industrial warfare, and especially the two World Wars, created inflationary pressures across large economies. Increasingly, governments mobilized entire societies for war – conscripting labor, bidding up prices in markets for natural resources and industrial goods, and diverting capital and technology from civilian to military applications. World War I caused ruinous inflation as participants broke from the gold standard and issued currency freely. Inflation also accompanied the U. S.Civil War, World War II, and the Vietnam War, among others. War-induced inflation, although strongest in war zones, extends to distant belligerents, such as the United States in the World Wars, and, in major wars, even to neutral countries, owing to trade disruption and scarcities. Present-day wars continue to fuel inflation and drive currencies towards worthlessness. In Angola's civil war (1975-2002), for example, the government currency became so useless that an alternative â€Å"hard† currency – bottles of beer – came to replace it in many daily transactions.In addition to draining money and resources from participants' economies, most wars create zones of intense destruction of capital such as farms, factories, and cities. These effects severely depress economic output. The famine and plague that accompanied the Thirty Years' War (1618-48) killed as much as one-third of Germany's population, as mercenaries plundered civilians and civilians became mercenaries to try to survive. World War I reduced French production by nearly half, starved hundreds of thousands of Germans to death, and led to more than a decade of lower Soviet outp ut.One estimate put World War I's total cost at $400 billion – five times the value of everything in France and Belgium at the time. Battle casualties, war-induced epidemics, and other demographic disruptions have far-reaching effects. World War I contributed to the 1918 influenza epidemic that killed millions. Military forces in East Africa may have sparked the outbreak of what became a global AIDS epidemic. Quincy Wright estimates that â€Å"at least 10 percent of deaths in modern civilization can be attributed directly or indirectly to war† (Wright, 1942).The U. S. â€Å"baby boom† after World War II continues decades later to shape economic policy debates ranging from school budgets to social security. Wars also temporarily shake up gender relations (among other demographic variables), as when men leave home and women take war jobs to replenish the labor force, as in the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States during World War II. Countries that can fig ht wars beyond their borders avoid the most costly destruction (though not the other costs of war).For example, the Dutch towards the end of the Thirty Years' War, the British during the Napoleonic Wars, the Japanese in World War I, and the Americans in both World Wars enjoyed this relative insulation from war's destruction, which meanwhile weakened their economic rivals. Also, just as wars' costs and outcomes affect economic conditions and evolution, so too do economic conditions and evolution affect war. Causality runs in both directions. For example, Dutch economic strengths in the early 17th century allowed fast and cheap production of ships, including warships.The resulting naval military advantage in turn supported Dutch long-distance trade. The wealth derived from that trade, in turn, let the Netherlands pay and train a professional standing army, which successfully sheltered the Netherlands from the ruinous Thirty Years' War. This protection in turn let the Dutch expand thei r share of world trade at the expense of war-scarred rivals. Thus the evolutions of warfare and of world economic history are intertwined. War is the proximal cause of the recurring inflationary spikes that demarcate 50-year â€Å"Kondratieff waves† in the world economy.Those waves themselves continue to be controversial. However, they may have some predictive value to the extent they clarify the historical relationships between war and military spending on the one hand, and inflation and economic growth on the other. The 1990s mainly followed a predicted long-wave phase of sustained low inflation, renewed growth, and reduced great-power military conflict. If this pattern were to continue, the coming decade would see continued strong growth but new upward pressures on military spending and conflict, eventually leading to a new bout of inflation in the great-power economies.Since scholars do not agree on the mechanism or even the existence of long economic waves, however, such projections are of more academic than practical interest. The relationship between military spending and economic growth has also generated controversy. Despite its pump-priming potential in specific circumstances, as during the 1930s, military spending generally acts to slow economic growth, since it diverts capital and labor from more productive investment (such as in roads, schools, or basic research). During the Cold War, high ilitary spending contributed (among other causes) to the economic stagnation of the Soviet Union and the collapse of North Korea, whereas low military spending relative to GDP contributed to Japan's growth and innovation. During the 1990s, as real military spending worldwide fell by about one-third, the United States and others reaped a â€Å"peace dividend† in sustained expansion. However, effects of military spending are long-term, and sharp reductions do not bring quick relief, as Russia's experience since 1991 demonstrates. The global North-Sou th divide – a stark feature of the world economy – is exacerbated by war.The dozens of wars currently in progress worldwide form an arc from the Andes through Africa to the Middle East and Caucasus, to South and Southeast Asia. In some of the world's poorest countries, such as Sudan and Afghanistan, endemic warfare impedes economic development and produces grinding poverty, which in turn intensifies conflicts and fuels warfare. To conclude, you have read about the good and bad things of war effects on the economy. War has drained wealth, disrupted markets, and depressed economical growth. But, the winners of these wars often were rewarded from these wars.War is bad overall; I feel that war should be the last option for any country. Works Cited Washigntonsblog. â€Å"Proof that war is bad for the economy. † 24 Feb. 2012. < http://www. washingtonsblog. com/2012/02/debunking-the-myth-that-war-is-good-for-the-economy-once-and-for-all. html>. Symonds, Peter. â€Å"U S wages over war†. 7 Oct. 2012. < http://www. globalresearch. ca/us-wages-economic-war-on-iran/5307485. > < http://www. joshuagoldstein. com/jgeconhi. htm. >

Eyewitness testimony

The Expert Witness â€Å"How reliable Is eyewitness testimony On the 28th of September 1 999, a building society in West Bromidic was robbed by a man brandishing a gun. He had approached the cashier desk and pushed aside a customer and then produced a gun. He ordered the three customers in the bank to lie on the floor. He then pointed the gun in the face of the cashier and told her to fill the bag with money. In doing so, she managed to raise the silent alarm alerting the police. After her compliance, the robber instructed her to also lie on the floor behind the desk.He warned the customers not to move before shooting his gun at the ceiling and running out. The four witnesses were then Interviewed as a group by police at the scene of the crime. The first Interview revealed many Inconsistencies In the descriptions of the perpetrator and also the chain of events. All witnesses had described a white male In his ass with a local accent. The group was split 2:2 on the robbers hair color, two thought blond and the others thought it was brown. The witnesses were then taken to the police station and interviewed separately.All four had now given statements eying the robber had blond hair. A lot less inconsistencies were found when the witnesses were interviewed for the second time. A third interview was conducted a few weeks later to see if any more details had been remembered of the crime. A photo was also shown to the witnesses to see if they could confirm that he was the man they remembered from the robbery. Again the group were split, two thought It could be him and the other two were unsure. All four witnesses a few months after, had taken part In a line up In which they all picked out the same man as the robber In the bank.The man they Identified turned out to by the same man from the photo they were shown previously prior to the line-up. The man they identified was James Taylor. James Taylor is a 33 year old with one previous conviction for robbing a sweet shop when he was 18. He spent 18 months in prison for this crime and hasn't been in any trouble since. He became a suspect when an anonymous tip came in from a man with a local accent giving them Sesame's name. Taylor had said he had been in Yellowhammers at the time but could not supply any witnesses to confirm his alibi.The case went to trial before a Jury which was drawn from the local area. There was no forensic evidence lining Taylor to the crime scene but the prosecution argued he was a local man with previous convictions, that couldn't produce an alibi for his confirmed the man they picked out in the line-up, with one saying she was ‘absolutely certain' that Taylor was the man who held up the building society at gun point. After a 45 minute deliberation, the Jury returned a guilty verdict and sentenced Taylor to five years in prison.To start identifying the problems with this case and detect why the conviction was unsafe one must start with the first officers attending(FAA). The Job of a FAA is to immediately attend to injured persons at the crime scene. They then should separate eyewitnesses from one another to avoid conversations between them that might distort their memories and to avoid the transfer of trace evidence, Jackson. Jackson(2008). However, the 4 witnesses were first interviewed as a group. During this interview ,there were inconsistency with the decision of the robbers hair color.After the witnesses has listened to each other's stories, two had decided to change their minds and agree his hair color was after all blond. This is a clear robber with the testimony used in the trial, as all the witnesses were interviewed as a group. Due to social desirability and conformity they changed their remembrance of characteristics. An example of social conformity can be explained by Solomon Sash's visual Judgment experiment. Cash got 7 people to take part in each experiment but every time 6 of the participants were confederates.The confederates were instructed to all follow a strict set of instructions. In the experiment two cards were shown to the group of seven. One card had a vertical line and the other card had 3 lines of varying lengths. The experimenter then asked all seven to choose which line of the three matched the length of the line on the other card. The confederates were sometimes asked to all agree on certain cards that would appear to be blatantly obviously wrong. The experimenter was testing to see if the participant would change their mind in order to conform with the majority. 4% of the innocent participants went along with the group and conformed giving the incorrect answer, School(2013). In the third interview police took a photo of a suspect, James Taylor, to the witnesses and asked them if they could confirm that he was the man they remembered from he robbery. After this the witnesses attended a line up in which Taylor was present, from this they were able to confirm that Taylor was the robber. The questio ning from the police asking to confirm that Taylor was the robber, could be considered as a leading question.Meaning that due to their choice of wording, they were able to lead the witnesses to a desired answer. They were made to think that Taylor had committed the crime, even though they may not of originally thought it was him. Loft's and Palmer in 1974, conducted an experiment to prove that leading questions n an interview can have a clear effect on witnesses answers. They asked forty five participants to watch a clip of two cars in an accident. They were spilt into 5 groups and then they were asked the question â€Å"How fast were the cars going when they (hit/ smashed/collided/bumped/contacted) each other? A week after the participants had seen the clips, they were also asked if they saw any broken glass, even though there was no broken glass. Loft's and Palmer had found that the verb used, changed the the ‘smashed' conditions reported the highest speeds, followed by â⠂¬Ëœbumped', ‘hit' and collided' in descending order. A week after when the participants were asked if there was any broken glass at the scene, people in the smashed group predominantly said yes. This proved that a leading question encouraged the participants to remember the cars traveling at a faster speed.The question has also appeared to modify their memory as they also remember seeing non-existent glass, McLeod(2010). The leading question asked by the police could be an explanation for the sudden conformation of James Taylor being the robber, even though straight after the event, two thought he ad brown hair and two thought he had blond, now they are able to recognizes some facial characteristics one even saying she was â€Å"absolutely certain† it was James Research by Loft's and Burns in 1982 also suggests that weapon focus can have a detrimental effect on memory of certain characteristics.They believe that a witness will focus more closely on the weapon used duri ng a crime and not the person holding it. They believe this is because a person will always focus on the thing that poses a threat or injury when it's not in its usual context. For example, you wouldn't be afraid of someone brandishing a gun at a shooting range. They conducted an experiment by allocating participants to one of two conditions. One watched a violent short film of a boy being shot in the head and the other watched a non-violent short film of a crime.The results were dramatic, only 4. 3% of the subjects who watched the violent crime correctly recalled a number on a boys Jersey, this compared to 27. 9% of participants who answered correctly that had watched the non-violent version, This could be another contributing factor as to why the eyewitnesses testimony's may be unreliable and as to why they might not be able to reduce an accurate description of the robber, as he did brandish a gun, put it in the face of one of the witnesses and also fired it before he left.The wit nesses were also part of the crime not watching it on a video clip like the participants in Loft's and Burns experiment. Witnessing a real life crime is more stressful than taking part in an experiment. To hypothesis that the description the witnesses gave to the Jury, might not be as accurate as they recall, might bare some weight, due to weapon focus and other contributing variables present at the time of the incident. Another factor which could disprove the testimony given by the witnesses is one called the schema and stereotype theory.This theory suggests that we are only able to take in a certain amount of information at the scene of a crime or incident. Ata later date when we are asked to provide greater detail, we rely on past experience (schemas) and prejudices (stereotypes) to fill in the gaps. We use expectations to reconstruct our memory. One experiment conducted by Bartlett in 1932 called War of the ghosts' portrayed a great example of the way people use stereotypes and schemas. Bartlett got participants to read a native North American folk tale, then repeat the story to another person in turn who repeated it and so on.By the time the last person had repeated the story back they had shortened it by three quarters and westernizes the details for example, seal clubbing was changed to fishing. One as a stored set of knowledge about a concept which guides our behavior. These are used to prompt our memory, and sometimes to fill in gaps if we are unsure, Bartlett(1932). Bartlett suggested that we make the following adjustments in certain cough situations: He believed people tend to rationalist situations and add material to Justify parts of their story.He believes that parts of a story, particularly those difficult to understand were often left out or manipulated. When people can't make sense of a situation, they tend to rearrange the order to one which fits the stereotype of their expectations in certain events. He also believes that people add their ow n emotion to a story, making the chain of events differ from someone else due to their personal emotional response. The research conducted by Bartlett is another factor hat could be problematic in the conviction of Taylor.The four witnesses could of used their schemas and stereotypes along with leading questioning from the police to come to the assumption that James Taylor was the robber. The above explanations are reasons why the conviction for James Taylor may not of been safe and also why the eye witness testimony may have been distorted. To show the weight an eyewitness testimony bares on a case, can be demonstrated by Elizabeth Loft's in 1974. Loft's gave participants three versions of a robbery and murder case, she then asked them to decide whether the defendant was guilty.Circumstantial evidence which was presented to the mock Jurors included the fact that the robber ran into the defendant's apartment block, money was found in the defendant's room and tests revealed there was a slight chance the defendant had fired a gun on the day of the robbery/murder. Results revealed that with Just this information provided, only 18% of participants thought that the defendant was guilty. When also presented with an eyewitness testimony, the guilty verdict dramatically changed to 72%. This demonstrates the powerful effect of an eyewitness testimony.More strikingly, when the participants were informed that the eyewitness was short- sighted, he was not wearing his glasses at the time of the offence, and he could not have seen the robber's face from where he was standing, 68% still gave a guilty verdict, Stewart(2013). This demonstrates the shocking strengths that an eyewitness testimony bares on each case. Upon evaluation of this case, it would seem that the conviction to ‘send a message to other potential criminals', may have been in haste. The problem with this case not only lies with unreliable eyewitness testimony's but the conduct shown by the police wrought .From group interviews, leading questions and photographs to prompting from the prosecution lawyers prior to the trial. The conviction of James Taylor in this case, seems to be more about making an example of someone in order to set a precedent for others thinking of committing a similar crime, rather than on a case which is based purely on facts and forensic evidence, in which this case had none. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press A,R. Jacksonville(2008)Forensic science. Second Edition. Pearson education emitted, Essex England. Eyewitness Testimony In the legal profession, eyewitness testimony (EWT) is generally defined as the account of an event provided by an individual or individuals who have witnessed it.Such an account could contain the identity or identities of the people who were involved in the event, a narration of how the incident, itself, occurred, and a detailed description of the scene before, during, and after the event took place. In criminal cases in the United States, the general tendency is for juries to grant EWT a rather high level of reliability, especially in the process of identifying the perpetrator/s of a criminal act (McLeod).Unfortunately for jurists, research has been consistent in showing that EWT is not as reliable as generally perceived. As a matter of fact, in Problems and Materials on Trial Advocacy written by A. Leo Levin and Harold Cramer, the authors stated thatEyewitness testimony is, at best, evidence of what the witness believes to have occurred. It may or may not tell what actually happen ed. The familiar problems of perception, of gauging time, speed, height, weight, of accurate identification of persons accused of crime all contribute to making honest testimony something less than completely credible (Cline).This view is shared by many legal practitioners. The prevailing view not only among defense lawyers but also among prosecutors is that in spite of the sincerity of eyewitnesses, EWT could not always be credible. They are convinced that when somebody professes to have witnessed an incident or a crime, for that matter, such a statement should not be taken by faith because it is very possible that what he or she remembers seeing may not have actually happened.This argument is generally based on the fact that not all eyewitnesses possess the same degree of competence. A competent eyewitness should have the following qualities: sufficient â€Å"powers of perception†; ability to remember and describe what he or she remembers seeing; and the willingness to tell only the truth (Cline).In theory, an eyewitness testimony could be discredited in a court of law if it could be established that an eyewitness is not competent by showing that his or her memory and perception are impaired, he or she has certain biases or prejudices against the accused, or that he or she is a reputed liar. Unfortunately, records show that even eyewitness accounts from highly competent witnesses have nonetheless caused the conviction of many innocent people. These are cases which involve competent eyewitnesses giving eyewitness accounts which are not credible but appear convincing to jurors (Cline).Since eyewitness account is highly dependent upon the memory of an individual, his or her recollection of events is greatly affected by â€Å"age, health, personal bias and expectations, viewing conditions, perception problems, later discussions with other witnesses, [and] stress† (Cline).In other words, EWT should be appraised on a case-to-case basis, taking into c onsideration the personal attributes of the eyewitness and the conditions prevailing at the time of the event such as weather condition, time of day, distance of the witness from the incident, and illumination. Stress is another factor which affects a person’s memory. For instance, an eyewitness who has been so horrified by a killing often fails to recall vital aspects of the incident. In such cases, it is said that the memory of the witness fails him or her, giving credence to the school of thought which maintains that man’s memory is actually imperfect (Cline).Elizabeth Loftus belongs to this school of thought. In fact, in her book Memory: Surprising New Insights into How We Remember and Why We Forget, she wrote that â€Å"we often do not see things accurately in the first place. But even if we take in a reasonably accurate picture of some experience, it does not necessarily stay perfectly intact in memory†¦With the passage of time, with proper motivation, with the introduction of special kinds of interfering facts, the memory traces seem sometimes to change or become transformed† (Cline). In other words, memory is not only imperfect but could also be manipulated or managed. This is only one of many observations raised by scholars and researchers about the reliability of eyewitness testimony.  

How to Make Invisible Ink With Baking Soda

How to Make Invisible Ink With Baking Soda Follow these easy instructions to make non-toxic invisible ink, in just a few minutes, using baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). The advantages of using baking soda are that its safe (even for kids), simple to use, and readily available. Invisible Ink Ingredients Baking sodaPaperWaterLight bulb (heat source)Paintbrush or swabMeasuring cupPurple grape juice (optional) Make and Use the Ink Mix equal parts water and baking soda.Use a cotton swab, toothpick, or paintbrush to write a message onto white paper, using the baking soda solution as ink.Allow the ink to dry.One way to read the message is to hold the paper up to a heat source, such as a light bulb. You can also heat the paper by ironing it. The baking soda will cause the writing in the paper to turn brown.Another method to read the message is to paint over the paper with purple grape juice. The message will appear in a different color. The grape juice acts as a pH indicator that changes color when it reacts with the sodium bicarbonate of baking soda, which is a base. Tips for Success If you are using the heating method, avoid igniting the paper; dont use a halogen bulb.Baking soda and grape juice react with each other in an acid-base reaction, producing a color change in the paper.The baking soda mixture can also be used more diluted, with one part baking soda to two parts water.Grape juice concentrate results in a more visible color change than regular grape juice. How It Works Writing a secret message in baking soda solution slightly disrupts the cellulose fibers in paper, damaging the surface. When heat is applied, the shorter, exposed ends of the fibers darken and burn before the undamaged sections of paper. If you apply too much heat, theres a risk of igniting the paper. For this reason, its best to use either the grape juice chemical reaction or else apply a gentle, controllable heat source.

German Herbs and Spices Glossary

German Herbs and Spices Glossary When you are cooking or dining in a German-speaking country, you will want to know the words for herbs, spices, and seasonings. Explore these two lists. First, a German-English list and then an English-German list. German-English Herbs and Spices Glossary Key:Noun gender: r (der, masc.), e (die, fem.), or s (das, neu.) Ar Anis anise Bs Basilikum basilr Beifuß mugwortr Bockshornklee fenugreeks Bohnenkraut savory n.r Boretsch boragee Brunnenkresse watercresss Bà ¼rzelkraut/Purzelkraut purslane Cr Cardamom/Kardamom cardamom, cardamonCayenne-Pfeffer cayenne pepperr Coriander cilantro (coriander)r Cumin cumine Curcuma/Kurkuma turmericr/s Curry curry Dr Dill dill Ee Edelraute ruer Estragon tarragon Fr Fenchel fennelr Fencheltee fennel tea Ge Gartenkresse nasturtiume Gelbwurz turmerice Gewà ¼rznelke (-n) clove(s) Hr Holunder eldere Holunderbeere elderberryHopfen (pl) hops Ir Ingwer ginger Ke Kamille camomile, chamomileKapern (pl) capersr Kapuziner nasturtiume Kapuzinerkresse nasturtiumr Kerbel chervilr Knoblauch garlicr Koriander cilantro, corianders Kraut herb   Kruter (pl) herbse Kruterbutter herb butterr Kruterlikà ¶r herbal liqueurr Krutertee herb(al) teae Kresse cressr Kreuzkà ¼mmel cuminr Kà ¼mmel caraway (seed)r Kà ¼rbissamen pumpkin seede Kurkuma turmeric Lr Lauch (-e) leek(s), alliumr/s Liebstà ¶ckel lovages Là ¶ffelkraut common scurvygrasss Lorbeerblatt bay leafLorbeerbltter (pl) bay leaves Mr Majoran majoram, majoran, marjoramr Majoran sweet majoram, knotted majoramr Meerrettich horseradishe Minze mintr Mohn poppy (seed)e Muskatnuss nutmeg Ne Nelke (-n) clove(s)r Nelkenpfeffer allspice (berries of the pimento tree) Or Oregano oregano Pr Paprika paprikae Paprikaschote pimentoe Peperoni chili pepper, peperoni (spice)e Petersilie parsleyr Pfeffer peppers Pfefferkorn (-kà ¶rner) peppercorn(s)e Pfefferminze peppermintr Piment allspice (berries of the pimento tree)r Porree (-s) leek(s), alliumr Portulak, s Bà ¼rzelkraut/Purzelkraut purslaner Puderzucker powdered sugar Rr Rosmarin rosemary Sr Safran saffronr/e Salbei sagee Schale peel (orange, lemon)r/e Schickoree chicoryr Schnittlauch chivesr Selleriesamen (-) celery seed(s)r Senf mustardSenfkà ¶rner (pl) mustard seedr Sesam sesames Steinkraut stonecrop Tr Thymian thymee Tripmadam, s Steinkraut stonecrop Ve Vanillestange vanilla podr Vanillezucker vanilla-flavored sugar We Wacholderbeere juniper berryWacholderbeeren (pl) juniper berriesr Waldmeister woodruffe Wegwarte chicorye Weinraute ruer Wermut (seasoning) wormwoodr Wermut (herbal liqueur) vermouths Wurstkraut, r Majoran sweet majoram, knotted majoramwà ¼rzen v. to season, add seasoning/spices Yr Ysop hyssop Ze Zichorie (in coffee) chicoryr Zimt cinnamone Zitronenmelisse lemon balme Zitronenschale (-n) lemon peel(s)r Zwiebel onion    English-German Herbs and Spices Glossary Key:Noun gender: r (der, masc.), e (die, fem.), or s (das, neu.) Aallspice (berries of pimento tree) r Nelkenpfeffer, r Pimentanise r Anis Bbasil s Basilikumbay leaf s Lorbeerblattbay leaves Lorbeerbltter (pl)borage r Boretsch Ccamomile, chamomile e Kamillecapers Kapern (pl)caraway (seed) r Kà ¼mmelcardamom, cardamon Kardamom, Cardamomcayenne pepper Cayenne-Pfeffercelery seed(s) r Selleriesamen (-)chervil r Kerbelchicory e Wegwarte, r/e Schickoree, e Zichorie (in coffee)chili pepper e Peperonichives r Schnittlauchcilantro (coriander) r Koriandercinnamon r Zimtclove(s) e Nelke (-n), e Gewà ¼rznelke (-n)common scurvygrass s Là ¶ffelkrautcoriander r Coriander/Koriandercress e Kresse/Brunnenkressecumin r Cumin, r Kreuzkà ¼mmelcurry r/s Curry Ddill r Dill Eelder r Holunderelderberry e Holunderbeere Ffennel r Fenchelfennel tea r Fenchelteefenugreek r Bockshornklee Ggarlic r Knoblauchginger r Ingwer Hhops Hopfen (pl)horseradish r Meerrettichhyssop r Ysop Jjuniper berry e Wacholderbeerejuniper berries Wacholderbeeren (pl) Lleek(s), allium r Lauch (-e), r Porree (-s)lemon balm e Zitronenmelisselemon peel(s) e Zitronenschale (-n)lovage r/s Liebstà ¶ckel Mmajoram, majoran, marjoram r Majoranmint e Minzemugwort r Beifußmustard r Senfmustard seed Senfkà ¶rner (pl) Nnasturtium e Gartenkresse, r Kapuziner, e Kapuzinerkressenutmeg e Muskatnuss Oonion r Zwiebeloregano r Oregano Ppaprika r Paprikaparsley e Petersiliepeel (orange, lemon) e Schalepeperoni, chili pepper e Peperonipeperoni, chili pepper r Paprika (Switz.)pepper r Pfefferpeppercorn s Pfefferkorn (-kà ¶rner)peppermint e Pfefferminzepimento e Paprikaschotepoppy (seed) r Mohnpowdered sugar r Puderzuckerpumpkin seed r Kà ¼rbissamenpurslane r Portulak, s Bà ¼rzelkraut/Purzelkraut Rrosemary r Rosmarinrue e Weinraute, e Edelraute Ssaffron r Safransage r/e Salbeisavory n. s Bohnenkrautseason, add seasoning/spices v. wà ¼rzensesame seeds Sesamkà ¶rner (pl), r Sesamstonecrop e Tripmadam, s Steinkrautsweet majoram, knotted majoram s Wurstkraut, r Majoran Ttarragon r Estragonthyme r Thymianturmeric e Curcuma/Kurkuma, e Gelbwurz Vvanilla-flavored sugar r Vanillezuckervanilla pod e Vanillestangevermouth r Wermut (herbal liqueur) Wwatercress e Brunnenkressewoodruff r Waldmeisterwormwood r Wermut (seasoning)

Review of Academic Journal Articles on Management Essay

Review of Academic Journal Articles on Management - Essay Example Review of the first article Human resource management is thought of as a recent development which is directed at reshaping the relationships of employees. It can be considered as a tool that has replaced the conventional traditions in the field of management like industrial relations and personnel management. Human resource management is an evolving field that tackles complexities in the organizations. Human resource management is characterized as hard or soft because of its association with the business performance and strategy that has caused a thematic divide between the practices grounded in conventional methods such as personnel management and the modern management of human resource. Ivo (2006) wrote an article to explore the best perspectives about the field of human resource management. In the first section of the article, the author has made an attempt to generate a holistic understanding of the field of human resource management on the basis of various perspectives in manage ment. The author has fundamentally identified three systems of management to achieve this, namely closed or scientific management, semi open system or human relations, and the contingency system or the open system. In the second section, the author has tried to interpret human resource management in the form of a framework by thinking of it as a style. This interpretation makes it easy to perceive the hard and soft type of human resource management stylized as the utilitarian instrumentalism and developmental humanism respectively. The second section basically discusses human resource management in terms of a new discipline of management, a restatement of personnel management, a strategic function or a management discipline that is resource based. In the third section, the author has assessed the effect of human resource management upon the strategy, performance and outcome with the help of the Michigan, Harvard, Choice and Guest models. The author highlights the merits of the Choic e model for effective management of human resource. The fourth section considers senior manager in the role of a choice maker. To achieve this, the author has made use of the Japanese model of human resource management. The fifth section constitutes the conclusion in which the author has recapitulated the use of human resource management in the contemporary market as advocated by the literature. For the purpose of understanding the perceptions of human resource management, the researcher has primarily conducted a comprehensive literature review in which, he has studied and compared the findings of past researches. Finally, the author has summarized the research findings. The field of human resource management is very wide and researchers need to explore various aspects of it in order to generate a sound understanding for use by human resource professionals. Although the effects of human resource management on employment and value creation have been sufficiently studied, there is lit tle knowledge about the characteristics and developmental strategies of human resource management. The findings of research conducted by Ivo (2006) are very useful for the IHRM practice in the real world. The author has particularly placed huge emphasis on the comparison between human resource management and the conventional management practices that have been in place for decades like personnel management. Obtaining correct understanding of human resource