tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-73594086419689938762024-03-13T14:33:41.334-07:00High school essay helpEssay About How To Write An Essaykristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-45662116503869226242020-08-26T05:05:00.001-07:002020-08-26T05:05:03.220-07:00Out Among The Stars by Johnny Cash free essay sampleJohnny Cash is path past one of musicââ¬â¢s most noteworthy stars. His design, nearness and uprightness made him the American legend that he despite everything is right up 'til the present time. At first,he was simply J.R. Money living in Arkansas. At that point the Great Depression hit and crushed rustic families like his own and quite a bit of Americaââ¬â¢s economy. The Cashes reestablished their ranch and kept on working through confounded occasions. Later his more seasoned sibling, Jack Cash, had passed on in a sawmill mishap. This left J. R. Money with a perpetual torment. Music had then become his asylum. Almost 60 years after his vocation formally started and twelve years after his own passing, ââ¬Å"The Man In Blackâ⬠proceeds to ââ¬Å"walk the line.â⬠Johnny Cash has discharged one more collection. His child as of late found the unheard studio collection from an account meeting during the 1980s. ââ¬Å"Out Among The Starsâ⬠resembles getting trapped in a fantasy. We will compose a custom exposition test on Out Among The Stars by Johnny Cash or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The melody is relatable due to reality in the verses. He sings, ââ¬Å"Travellers get exhausted. They have weights and scars, and we think theyââ¬â¢d love to start from the very beginning and fly like birds out among the stars.â⬠ââ¬Å"I Came To Believeâ⬠shares a the same significance. The young men both had issues and were accustomed to aggravating them. Be that as it may, when one of the young men approached the LORD for help, his issues gradually vanished. He was given solace, discovered simpler ways, and trust in the fundamental pleasure of being alive. Thereââ¬â¢s without a doubt going to be innovativeness whether heââ¬â¢s a singing a tune about adoration, his home, church or regardless of whether heââ¬â¢s recounting to a story through that profound and solemn voice of his. His lone single on the ââ¬Å"Out Among The Starsâ⬠collection, ââ¬Å"She Used To Love Me A Lotâ⬠, educated a story regarding two previous sweethearts. Numerous years after the fact he saw her and began considering their once before relationship. The man figured they could resume from the last known point of interest previously. Inverse of his contemplations, the woman simply convoluted and left. Other than renunciation, ââ¬Å"Tennesseeâ⬠is about a man who experienced passionate feelings for a young lady and found a home with her. They settled down and he winds up idealistic with her. While on the opposite ââ¬Å"Rock and Roll Shoesâ⬠is tied in with attempting to discover ones self and not being characterized by another. The manââ¬â¢s consistently out and about and he doesnââ¬â¢t ever want to quit moving. Various tunes from Johnny Cash are fundamentally an assortment of his dreams. His innovativeness is the thing that pulls the audience members in and causes them to appreciate his considerations. Predominant convictions and the imagination of Johnny Cash himself, had allowed him a chance to seek after an expert profession out of what he had consistently put stock in. He sang tunes of his own and melodies that had been created by others. Be that as it may, he additionally took his voice and worked together with gifted specialists. There were three two part harmonies on this CD incorporating two with his better half, June Carter, and another with Waylon Jennings. Any music Johnny Cash produces causes us to have faith in the capacity to be free and see past reality yet still comprehend the truth of life. John Carter Cash, Johnnyââ¬â¢s child, had stated, ââ¬Å"When I heard these chronicles without precedent for such a significant number of years what I quickly saw was the delight in his voice?his soul was taking off. I heard the lively satisfaction. At the point when these chronicles were made he was as loaded with energy and love as some other time in his life?at a genuine prime. These chronicles have never been heard at this point. So tune in for him and inside you, locate a genuine image of who the man truly was.â⬠Johnny Cash stays a legend. At whatever point you end up feeling any sort of feeling, put him on the radio, dust off your turn table, or even a matured tape. The iconââ¬â¢s voice is immortal and ââ¬Å"Out Among The Starsâ⬠is the latestâ⬠¦ and potentially last collection ever of Johnny Cash. He might be gone yet on the off chance that you listen intently heââ¬â¢s directly close by us. In the end weââ¬â¢ll have the option to meethim ââ¬Å"out among the stars.â⬠But until further notice his musicââ¬â¢s the main unmistakable thing left of him. kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-10926964152441064402020-08-22T07:03:00.001-07:002020-08-22T07:03:12.980-07:00Role of the a3b4 nicotinic receptor in drug addiction and in the EssayJob of the a3b4 nicotinic receptor in chronic drug use and in the antiaddictive activity of novel ibogaine analogs - Essay Example The anomalies that produce habit, in any case, are wide-going, complex, and enduring. They may include a communication of natural impacts, for instance, stress, the social setting of beginning substance use, and mental molding. Numerous variables, both individual and natural, impact whether a specific individual who explores different avenues regarding medications will keep taking them sufficiently long to get needy or dependent. For people who do proceed, the medication's capacity to give exceptional sentiments of joy is a basic explanation (Kalivas and Volkow, 2007). Chronicled and social components are keys to the comprehension of addictive issue. These variables influence the paces of addictive issue in the network, the kinds of substances mishandled, the qualities of oppressive clients, the course of these scatters, and the adequacy of treatment. Addictive substances help articulation of a few human capacities that can upgrade both individual and social presence. On the individual level, attractive closures incorporate the accompanying: alleviation of unfavorable mental and passionate states, help of physical manifestations, incitement to work notwithstanding weakness or weariness, and ââ¬Å"time-outâ⬠from everyday presence through modified conditions of cognizance. Substance use and reliance cause a noteworthy weight to people and social orders all through the world. The World Health Report 2002 demonstrated that 8.9% of the complete weight of infection originates from the utilization of psychoactive substances (World Health Organizati on, 2004). The report demonstrated that tobacco represented 4.1%, liquor 4%, and unlawful medications 0.8% of the weight of sickness in 2000. A significant part of the weight inferable from substance use and reliance is the consequence of a wide assortment of wellbeing and social issues, including HIV/AIDS, which is driven in numerous nations by infusing drug use. Over the previous decade, utilization of addictive substances has penetrated its way into the standard culture in specific nations. More youthful individuals specifically appear to have a slanted feeling of wellbeing about these substances, accepting rather wrongly that they are sheltered and benevolent. Then, addictive substances are representing a genuine danger to the wellbeing, social and financial texture of families, networks, and nations. For some nations, the monetary weight is moderately new, however kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-41048705705832359372020-08-14T15:22:00.001-07:002020-08-14T15:22:05.011-07:00Upside Down Gnomes From WisconsinUpside Down Gnomes From Wisconsin This semester has been different from anything else Ive done. I started out taking 7.06, cell biology, and 6.854, advanced algorithms, the sequel (or what I thought would be a sequel) to 6.046, design and analysis of algorithms (TAs are capped at two classes). TAing is hard, emotionally, and its hard to balance with classes. Ive gotten used to having something close to complete control over my time, and any given days workload isnt always predictable in a class with more than 200 students. I fell behind in in 6.854 in the first week of the semester and never caught up, and then fell behind again after getting sick from the flu shot. The start of the semester was a long string of all-nighters. I came close, I think, slowly, but it wasnt ever enough. Being sick was a good break from the usual pace. I finally framed the painting my brother made me when I left for college, which had been laying on a shelf since August, and I built a bookshelf with Cory to hold our disassembled Legos. After two hours on the first problem of the now three accumulated p-sets I realized I wasnt enjoying it anymore. In a past life I would have taken the challenge, but the pay-offs didnt seem worth what I was sacrificing. I weighed my options, called my mom, and dropped the class. For the past two days Ive felt a simultaneous urgency and lethargy, as if theres a place I need to be, something I need to be doing, but theres no way to get there. I feel like I passed the person I should have been on the street and didnt recognize her. I realize that the class took up a shelf in my heart, even if it wasnt a good idea, and its hard to transition to the empty space. Im worried that theres also a wild contrast between the person I want to be and the people Ive been over the past two years; I have a lot of indecision about the person Ive become. Many of my interactions with people right now are a balancing act between vulnerability and self-actualizationâ"not just on the blogs, but also in person and in my academic career, which is tough because there are empty spaces in more than one place, bigger than a dropped class. Its been a stressful semester so far. Im not good at transitions, and its been a transition. At the very start of the semester I got in a fight with a friend and her boyfriend called me trash, which hit me unexpectedly hard and took an unexpectedly long time to wear off, maybe because it coincided with other starts and ends. One evening that week I slumped upside down on the couch in the kitchen, dangling my legs up at the ceiling like I used to when I was tiny, alternating between complaints and making up nonsense songs, because thats what I do when Im feeling melodramatic (or feeling, in general). One of my best friends, Irina, jotted some of it down and turned it into a beautiful poem. Once Upon a Midnight Ramble by Irina O. â15 You lie upside down on an institute couch, staring up at the tiles on the ceiling, your hair brushing the dirty carpet, your feet dangling in the air, wondering what itâd be like to walk on the ceiling. Would the colorful tiles cave under your footsteps, would the doorways become fences to step over, would the lights feel pleasantly warm or burn your feet? It has not been a good week. Upside down gnomes, you mumble to a tune, upside down gnomes from Wisconsin sneaking into your classes stealing the chalk so the professors canât lecture upside down gnomes⦠It has not been a good week. Iâm trash, Iâm trash, Iâm trash. I have no response but uncomfortable silence. Trash, trash, trash. Well, as an environmentally conscious individual, morally, I have no choice but to pick you up. Howâs 7:00 tonight? Trash, trash, trash. Yeah, well, I think youâre recycling. Our house elves live in a tiny room in the basement, and in the early hours of morning they sneak through the dorm and steal our dishes, Pot lids and spatulas become boffers and shields, a roasting pan becomes a wading pool full of soup, forks become dinglehoppers. (They also borrow our Disney movies. And steal our HDMI cables, but they use those to decorate, mostly, since itâs not like they have computers. Thatâd be ridiculous.) They gather around the communal soup pan, and wonder if they should invite the upside down gnomes some time. But that would just be awkward, wouldnât it? The soup would just fall on their heads. It would not be a good week. Iâm going to bed. No, really. Really, for real this time. You say, and stare at the ceiling for another ten minutes, singing about gnomes. In a way, weâre all upside down gnomes, arenât we? (Except weâre not all from Wisconsin.) We all sometimes wish we could steal the chalk. (If only to finally get some sleep.) We all sometimes wish we could turn the world right side up again. It has not been a good week, but eventually, eventually, we will sleep. I think the semester can be metaphorically captured by what was once the ceiling lamp in the bathroom closest to my room. For several weeks I kept getting emails about the leaky lamp in the bathroom. I sent a few back asking if there was a typo, couldnt decipher the insistent responses, and finally gave up. One day I felt something drip on my shoulder. I finally looked up and, indeed, what was once a ceiling lamp was a gaping, dark, dripping hole. I started using the other bathroom closest to my room, which is an entirely normal bathroom except for the full-length mirror leaned against the wall in front of one of the toilets (there are two toilets in each bathroom, except in the bathroom that got renovated this summer), which every few days switches toilets. The people on the floor didnt have an explanation for me, but I am delighted that there is presumably someone out there who, every few days, picks up the full-length mirror in the bathroom and moves it to face the other toilet, and then, a few days later, moves it back. I think things have been kind of like that lamp. The semester started poorly, and the things that have gone wrong have been bizarre and unexpected. MEnging is not at all what I thought it would beâ"which isnt to say that its bad, but it feels simultaneously too close (stress) and too far (responsibilities, loneliness) from what undergrad was. The good news is that Ive finally fallen into a pattern, and while I dont think Ive nearly gotten the hang of things, Ive realized that the things and people that make me happy will always make me happy, regardless of the day- or week-sized stumbles. Recently I scratched my face up by enthusiastically removing a hoodie with my glasses on. Apparently it looked quite gruesome, and Rosa M. 16 called me âthe girl who livedâ (and Cory has started calling me Harriet Potter). The day before yesterday I was reading my daily 30 pages from Sea Creatures, by Susanna Daniel, a book Id gotten from the browsery in the second floor of Hayden library because I wasnt ready to commit to my long personal reading list. The protagonist spent several pages organizing paintings, and it occurred to me that I absolutely did not want to ever be a person who spends several pages organizing things. I turned to Cory, my supportive, loving boyfriend of three years and seventeen days, who was sitting next to me playing his 3DS in comfortable silence. âPlease dont let me become boring,â I said. Cory folded up his 3DS, turned to me, dramatically placed my hands in his, and dramatically held my gaze before responding: âMy dear, I am really, really, terribly sorry to inform you, we already are.â Everything I am doing is a dream come true. Ive been taking challenging classes and TAing my favorite technical class at the school Id wanted to go to since I was twelve, Im helping run the blogs I built that dream out of, and Im pretty sure I am actually, truly in love. But my daily life is wading through my inbox, trying to get homework done, trying to maintain a sleep schedule, calling my family, and forwarding Anne Hunters jobs emails to my alumni friends. Im looking forward to Taylor Swifts new album, Im looking forward to Thanksgiving with my family, and Im enjoying the streetlights reflecting off the wet rooftops outside my window. My life has become the sum of modest, unexpected happinesses. The biggest happiness of all is that for every person who doesnt like me, I am a subject of another persons poem. I am blessed to have friends like these, to be surrounded by people who make me happy. And its odd, because I dont think anything changed, but I think Im happier now than Ive been in a long, long time. I am leaky lamp. I am the girl who lives. kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-17881273801157804492020-05-24T01:25:00.001-07:002020-05-24T01:25:06.141-07:00How The Stock Market Contributes To Economic Growth - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6305 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The debate of whether stock market is associated with economic growth or the stock market can be served as the economic indicator to predict future. According to many economists stock market can be a reason for the future recession if there is a huge decrease in the stock price or vice versa. However, there are evidence of controversial issue about the ability of prediction from the stock market is not reliable if there is a situation like 1987 stock market crashed followed by the economic recession and 1997 financial crises. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How The Stock Market Contributes To Economic Growth" essay for you Create order (Stock market and economic growth in Malaysia: causality test). The aim of the study is to find the relation between the stock market performance and the real economic activity in case of four countries The UK, The USA, Malaysia and Japan. With my limited knowledge I have tried to find out the role of financial development in stimulating economic growth. A lot of economists have different view about stock market development and the economic growth. If we focus on some related literature published on this topic one question arises: Is economic development is affected by stock market development? Even though there are lots of debate on some are saying that stock market can help the economy but the effect of stock market in the economy especially in the economy is very little. Ross Levine suggested in his paper published in 1998 that recent evidence suggested stock market can really give a boom to economic growth. (REFERENCE) It is not really possible to measure the growth by simply looking at the ups and down in the stock market indicator and by looking at the rates of growth in GDP. A lot of things can cause in the growth of stock market like changes in the banking system, foreign participation in the in the financial market may participate strongly. Apparently it seems that these developments can cause development of stock market followed by the good economic growth. But to check the accuracy one required to follow an appropriate method which would meaningfully measure whether stock price is really effecting the economic growth or not? In my work I have tried to find out the co integrating relationship between Stock price and GDP and tried to check if there is a long run and short run relationship between the stock price and GDP. The method used for the studies is Engle Granger co integration method. To do this I have used ADF (Augmented Dickey Fuller Test) to check for the stationary behaviour of the variables and then I have performed the Engle Granger Engle Granger co integration method followed by residual based error correction model. To check for the short run relationship I have used 2nd stage Engle Granger co integration method. To check the causal effect of the four countries stock market and economic growth I used Granger Causality Method. In this paper I have reviewed some studies of scholars which I have discussed on the literature review part. This paper contains five parts Part two is about the literature based on the past wok of scholars. Part Three discussed about the Data. Part four is about the methodology, Results are discussed on part five and part six is all about the summary and conclusion of the whole study. In my work I have founded there is no long run relationship between stock market and economic growth in all four countries. In addition there is no causal relation between stock index yield and the national economy growth rate. The empirical results of the thesis concludes that the possibility of seemingly abnormal relationship between the stock index and national economy of these for countries. Literature Review: Stock market contributes to economic growth in different ways either directly or indirectly. The functions of stock market are savings mobilization, Liquidity creation, and Risk diversification, keep control on disintermediation, information gaining and enhanced incentive for corporate control. The relationship between stock market and economic growth has become an issue of extensive analysis. There is always a question whether the stock market directly influence economic growth. A lot of research and results shows that there is a strong relationship between stock market and economic growth. Evidence on whether financial development causes growth help to reconcile these views. If we go back to the study of Schumpeter (1912) his studies emphasizes the positive influence on the development of a countrys financial sector on the level and the potential risk of losses caused by the adverse selection and moral hazard or transaction costs are argued by him how necessary the rate of growth argues that financial sectors provides of reallocating capital to minimize the potential losses. Empirical evidence from king and Levine (1983) show that the level of financial intermediation is good predictor of long run rates of growth, capital accumulation and productivity. Enhanced liquidity of financial market leads to financial development and investors can easily diversify their risk by creating their portfolio in different investments with higher investment. Demiurgic and Maksimovic (1996) have found positive causal effects of financial development on economic growth in line with the à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"supply leading hypothesis. According to his studies countries with better financial system has a smooth functioning stock market tend to grow much faster as they have access to much needed funds for financially constrained economic enterprises by the large efficient banks. Related research was done for the past three decades focusing on the role of financial development in stimulating economic growth they never considered about the stock market. An empirical study by Ming Men and Rui on Stock market index and economic growth in China suggest that possible reason of apparent abnormal relationship between the stock Index and national economy in china. Apparent abnormal relationship may be because of the following reason inconsistency of Chinese GDP with the structure of its stock market, role played by private sector in growth of GDP and disequilibrium of finance structure etc. The study was done using the cointegration method and Granger causality test, the overall finding of the study is Chinese finance market is not playing an important role in economic development. (Men M 2006 China paper). An article by Indrani Chakraborti based on the case of India presented in a seminar in kolkata in October, 2006 provides some information about the existence of long run stable relationship between stosk market capitalization, bank credit and growth rate of real GDP. She used the concept of the granger causality after using both the Engle-Granger and Johansen technique. In her study she found GDP is co-integrated with financial depth, Volatility in the stock market and GDP growth is co integrated with all the findings the paper explain that the in an overall sense, economic growth is the reson for financial development in India.(Chakraboty Indrani). Few writers from Malaysia found that stock market does help to predict future economy. Stock market is associated with economic growth play as a source for new private capital. Causal relationship between the stock market and economic growth which was done by using the formal test for causality by C.J. Granger and yearly Malaysia data for the period 1977-2006. The result from the study explain that future prediction is possible by stock market. A study focused on the relationship between stock market performance and real economic activity in Turkey. The study shows existence of a long run relationship between real economic activity and stock pricesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦ Result from the study pointed out that economic activity increases after a shock in stock prices and then declines in Turkish market from the second quarter and a unitary (Turkish paper) An international time series analysis from 1980-1990 by By RAGHURAM G. RAJAN AND LUIGI ZINGALES shows some evidence of the relation between stock market and economic growth. This paper describes whether economic growth is facilitated by financial development. He found that financial development has strong effect on economic growth. (Rajan and Zingales, 1998) The study of Ross LEVINE AND SARA ZERVOS on finding out the long run relationship between stock market and bank suggest a positive effect both the variables has positive effect on economic growth. International integration and volatility is not properly effected by capital stock market. And private save saving rates are not at all affected by these financial indicators. (Levine and Zervos 1998) Belgium Stock market study with economic development shows the positive long run relationship between both the variables. In case of Belgium the evidences are quiet strong that Economic growth is caused by the development of the stock market. It is more focused between the period 1873 and 1935, basically this period is considered as the period of rapid industrialization in Belgium. The importance of the stock market in Belgium is more pronounced after liberalization of the stock market in 1867-1873. The time varying nature of the link between stock market development and economic growth is explained by the institutional change in the stock exchange. They also tried to find out the relationship to the universal banking system. Before 1873 the economic growth was based on the banking system and after 1873 stock market took the place. (Stock Market Development and economic growth in Belgium, Stijin Van Nieuwerburg, Ludo Cuyvers, Frans Buelens July 5, 2005) Senior economist of the World Banks Policy research department Ross Levine has discussed about Stock market in his paper Stock Markets: A Spur to economic growth on the impact of development. Less risky investments are possible in liquid equity market and it attracts the savers to acquire an asset, equity. As they can sell it quickly when they need access to their savings, and if they want to alter their portfolio. Though many long term investment is required for the profitable investment. But reluctance of the investors towards long term investment as they dont have the access to their savings easily. Permanent access to capital is raised by the companies through equity issues as they are facilitating longer term, more profitable investments and prospect of long term economic growth is enhanced as liquid market improves the allocation of capital. The empirical evidence from the study strongly suggests that greater stock markets create more liquidity or at least continue economic gro wth. (Levine. R A spur to economic Growth) Another paper was focused on the linkages between financial development and economic growth using TYDL model for the empirical exercises by Purna Chandra Padhan suggests that both stock price and economic activity are integrated of order one and Johansen-Juselias Coin-integration tests for this study found one co integrating vector exists. It is proved by the spurious relation rule in this study the existence of at least one direction of causality. He described that bi-directional causality between stock price and economic growth meaning that economic activity can be enhanced by well developed stock exchange and vice-versa. ( Title:Ãâà The nexus between stock market and economic activity: an empirical analysis for India Author(s): Purna Chandra Padhan Journal: International Journal of Social Economics Year: 2007 Volume: 34 Issue: 10Ãâà Page: 741 à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å" 753 DOI: 10.1108/03068290710816874 Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited) Chee Keong Choong (Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Malaysia) Zulkornain Yusop (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Siong Hook Law (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Venus Liew Khim Sen (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Date of creation: 23 Jul 2003 tried to find out the importance of the causal relationship of Financial development and economic growth. The findings of their study usin autoregressive Distributed lag (ARDL) describes about the positive long run impact on economic growth Granger causality also suggest same results. However, another study on Iran by N. Shahnoushi, A.G Daneshvar, E Shori and M. Motalebi 2008 Financial development is not considered as an effective factor to the economic growth. The study was focused on the causal relationship between the financial development and economic growth. Time series data used for the study from the period 1961-2004. Granger causality shows there is no co integrating relationship between financial development and economic growth in Iran only the economical growth leads to financial development. Establishing link between savings and investment is very much important and financial market provides that. Transient or lasting growth is the ultimate affect of the financial market. Economic growth can be influenced by financial market by improving the productivity of the capital, Investment to firms can be channelled and greater capital accumulation by increasing savings. To ensure the stability of the financial market potential regulation is important due to asymmetric information, especially at the time of financial liberalization. (Economic Development and Financial Market Tosson Nabil Deabes Moderm Academy for technology aand computer sciences; MAM November 2004 Economic Development Financial Market Working Paper No. 2 ) Data: The empirical analysis was carried out using the quarterly data for The UK, The USA, Japan and Malaysia. The data were collected from the DataStream for the period 1993I to 2008III. Economic growth is measured as the growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) of each country with the help of stock prices SP. For the software processing I used Eviews 6.0 for the planned regression in order to get the results. The empirical analysis is done from the quarterly data from the stock market indices and the and the GDP between the first quarter of 1993 and the fourth quarter of 2008. All the data has been extracted from the data stream and expressed in US$. The data for Japan share price is from Tokyo Stock Exchange. Malaysias Share price is form Kuala Lumpur Composite Index, UKs is from UK FT all share price index and USA share price is taken from the DOW Jones industrial share price index. The nature of the Data is series used for the time series regression. List of Variables: UGDP UK GDP USP UK Share price LUGDP Log of UK GDP LUSP Log of UK Share price USGDP USA GDP USSP USA (DOW Jones) Share price LUSGDP Log of USA GDP LUSSP Log of USA Share price MGDP Malaysia GDP MSP Malaysia Share price LMGDP Log of Malaysia GDP LMSP Log of Malaysia Share price JGDP Japan GDP JSP Japan Share Price LJGDP Log of Japan GDP LJSP Log of Japan Share price Methodology: Engle and Granger (1987) first established the cointegration method. It is a method of measuring long term diversification based on data. Linear combination of two non stationary series shows that they are integrated in order one I(1) that is stationary. And this is a co integrated series. Cointegration Long term common random trend between non stationary time series. The linear combination of both the nonstationary series can be stationary if both the variables are integrated in same order. Cointegration is a very powerful approach in the long term analysis because a common stochastic trend is shared in cointegration that mean two series will not drift separately too much. They might deviate from each other but in the long run but eventually the will revert back in the long run. If there is very low correlation between the series still the series can be co-integrated as high correlation is not implied in cointegration. The reason for choosing the method as it will allow us to check the move between the variable in the long run even there might be a divergence in the short run. The first step in the analysis is check each index series whether the series for the presence of unit root which shows whether the series is non stationary. The method that I followed to do this is Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF). I proceed the Granger cointegration technique 1987 when the stationary requirements are met. Cointegration long term common stochastic trend between nonstationary time series. If non-stationary series x and yare both integrated of same order and there is a linear combination of them that is stationary, they are called cointegrated series. A common stochastic trend is shared in Cointegration. It follows that these two series will not drift apart too much, meaning that even they may deviate from each other in the short-term, they will revert to the long-run equilibrium. This fact makes cointegration a very powerful approach for the long-term analyses. Meanwhile, cointegration does not imply high correlation; two series can be co integrated and yet have very low correlations. Cointegration tests allow us to determine whether financial variables of different national markets move together over the long run, while providing for the possibility of short-run divergence. The first step in the analysis is to test each index series for the presence of unit roots, which shows whether the series are nonstationary. All the series must be nonstationarity and integrated of the same order. To do this, we apply both the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. Once the stationarity requirements are met, we proceed Granger bivariate cointegration (1987) procedure. 30 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 24 (2009) Series Stationary Test: In this study I have used Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF) to test the stationarity of variables. ADF is test for unit root where I have checked the Unit root and strong negative numbers of unit root is being rejected by the null hypothesis (level of significance). The following regression for the unit root test in Eviews: Is the white noise error tem. Is the difference operator. , () () Here with the test we can find the estimates of are equal to zero or not. Y is said to be stationary if the cumulative distribution of the ADF statistics by showing that if the calculated ratio of the coefficient is less than the critical value according to Fuller (1976). If we accept the Ho the sequence is predicted to be having unit root and if Ho is rejected then we can say that the series doesnt have unit root. This proves that the series is stationary. The co à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"integration test can only be performed if both the sequences are all integrated of order I (1). Cointegration Test: According to Engle and Granger (1987) to check for cointegration if both the variables and are integrated with order one the proposed method for cointegration residual-based test for cointegration (Engle-Granger method). So from the above method we can find the equation By regressing with And after that and is denoted as the estimated regression coefficient vectors. Then, = à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å" is representing the estimated residual vector. If the residual is itegrated with zero that means the series for the residual is stationary, and and are then co integrated. An in this situation (1, -) is called co-integrating vector. Therefore is a co integrating equation, so, from it we can say that there is long run relationship between and. Granger causality test: Granger causality test is applied if the relationship is lagged between the two variables to determine the direction of relation in statistical term. It gives information about the short term relationship between the variables. In terms of conceptual definition causality is consist of different ideas, this concept produce a relation between caused and results were agreed upon. Aristo defines that there exist a link between causes and results and without causes these results are impossible. And this strong relationship. Some economists believe that the idea of causality is the mix of both theoretical and explanation and statistical concept. The frontline operational definition of causality is given by some economist, but Granger is the one who provided the information to understand it correctly and completely. Granger s operational causality definition depends of below hypotheses, Next cannot be the reason of past. 1. Next cannot be reason of past. Certain causality is possible only with past causes present time or future time. Cause is always to be come true before the result. In addition, this makes time lagged between causes and results. 2. Causality can be determined only stochastic process. It is not possible to determine the causality between two deterministic processes. After 1990s, Granger and Engle contributed to time series literature importantly. On these developments about time series analysis, some variations were done with Granger Causality test. According to this, possible long-term relationship would be tested and if 20 variables were co-integrated, long-term regression error equation s lagged value would be included in Granger Error Correction model as error correction term. Thus, Granger Causality test should be applied. If there is no co-integration between the variables, it can be continued with Granger Causality Test without including error correction terms. If there is a co-integration between the variables, Granger Causality Test will be failed and it will be certainly necessary to be included error correction term into the models. Granger Causality Test, which depends on time series data, is made by the estimation of the equations below with Least Squares Method (LSM). Xt = + j t j X + i t i Y + Ut Yt = + j t j Y + j t j X + Ut In Granger Causality test, there are three possible situations that one directional causality from x to y or y to x, opposite direction between x and y or one affect to other and independency of x and y each other. This situation changes according to chosen of null hypothesis and lagged values randomly in equations above whose parameters are whether equal to zero or not. According to researches, randomly choice makes causality incline to deviations importantly. To understand this test clearly it can be talked about below equation; t (LNGDP) = 0 + t inii (LNGDP)1+ t I nii (LND1)1+ Ut To apply Granger Causality test under null hypothesis, which illustrates coefficients of financial deepening variables (LND1) are meaningful (equal to zero) and then F-statistics can be calculated. If null hypothesis is not rejected then it is possible to say that Granger causality test accepts that financial deepening causes economic growth. The direction can be either negative or positive (Granger and Engle, 1987). Indicators of the economic growth and the financial deepening are variables, which are used for Granger Causality test. Moreover, this test can determine the effects of one variable on the other. Test result for Unit Root: Augmented Dickey Fuller Model (ADF) is used to test the stationary of each variable. Null and alternative hypothesis describes about the investigation of unit root. If the null is accepted and alternative is rejected then the variable non stationary behaviour and vice versa is stationary. Form the result of Augmented Dickey Fuller test of the four countries variables (Log GDP and Log Share price) shows that the entire variable has unit root at level which proves that the series is not stationary. However, the result from the first difference shows the significance at 1%, 5% and 10% critical value and found to be stationary behaviour. Therefore, it suggests that all the variables are integrated of order one. Variables level/1st Difference Ãâà Augmented Dickey Fuller Statistic(ADF) test Japan Ãâà Conclusion t statistic value With Trend t statistic value With trend and Intercept 1% 5% 10% 1% 5% 10% GDP Level -2.653258 -3.522887Ãâà Ãâà -2.901779 -2.588280 Ãâà -2.693600 Ãâà -4.088713 Ãâà -3.472558 -3.163450 Ãâà 1st Difference -9.053185 -3.524233 Ãâà -2.902358 -2.588587 -9.003482 Ãâà -4.090602 Ãâà -3.473447 -3.163967 Ãâà Share Price Level Ãâà -2.116137 -3.522887Ãâà Ãâà -2.901779 -2.588280 Ãâà -2.203273 Ãâà -4.088713 Ãâà -3.472558 -3.163450 Ãâà 1st Difference Ãâà -6.899295 -3.524233 Ãâà -2.902358 -2.588587 Ãâà -6.844396 Ãâà -4.090602 Ãâà -3.473447 -3.163967 Ãâà Table 01: Unit root test for stationary Japan If we have a look on the unit root test for the variables GDP and Share price to find out the stationary behaviour the Augmented Dickey Fuller Test with intercept and with intercept and trend in level and first difference. The t statistic value with trend is -2.653258 which is higher than the critical values in 1%, 5% and 10% critical value. The same applies with intercept and trend as the t statistic value -2.693600 is higher than the critical value in all the level of critical value. So from the nature of stationary behaviour we can say in level GDP shows nonstationary behaviour. And the first difference LnGDP is integrated with order one. In case of LnSP the results with intercept and with intercept trend in level are -2.116137 and -2.203273 which is higher than the critical values shows non stationary behaviour as they are higher than the critical value. The unit root test for the variables at first difference shows stationary as the t statistic value is than the critical value i n all level and they are integrated in order one. Variables level/1st Difference Ãâà Augmented Dickey Fuller Statistic(ADF) test Malaysia Ãâà Conclusion t statistic value With Trend t statistic value With trend and Intercept 1% 5% 10% 1% 5% 10% GDP Level -1.195020 -3.522887Ãâà Ãâà -2.901779 -2.588280 -1.933335 Ãâà -4.088713 Ãâà -3.472558 -3.163450 Ãâà 1st Difference -5.951843 -3.524233 Ãâà -2.902358 -2.588587 -5.923595 Ãâà -4.090602 Ãâà -3.473447 -3.163967 Ãâà Share Price Level Ãâà -1.900406 -3.522887Ãâà Ãâà -2.901779 -2.588280 Ãâà -1.891183 Ãâà -4.088713 Ãâà -3.472558 -3.163450 Ãâà 1st Difference Ãâà -7.842122 -3.524233 Ãâà -2.902358 -2.588587 Ãâà -7.779757 Ãâà -4.090602 Ãâà -3.473447 -3.163967 Ãâà The unit root test result for LMGDP and LMSP values presented in natural logarithm. And the level values with intercept and with intercept and trend for LMGDP is -1.195020 and -1.93335 respectively. The values are higher than the critical value means the series has non stationary behaviour. On the other hand the 1st difference values with intercept and with intercept and trend are -5.951843 and -5.923595 respectively. The 1st difference values are integrated with order one. And in the same way I did the ADF test to check for Stationary behaviour of LMSP in level and first difference with intercept and trend. The values in level are -1.900406 and -1.891183 with intercept and trend us higher than the critical value and the series is not integrated with order one. The first difference t statistic values are -7.842122 and -7.779757 with intercept and with intercept and trend respectively are less than the critical value in both the case implies that the series is integrated with order on e. Variables level/1st Difference Ãâà Augmented Dickey Fuller Statistic(ADF) test UK Ãâà Conclusion t statistic value With Trend t statistic value With trend and Intercept 1% 5% 10% 1% 5% 10% GDP Level -0.690866 -3.522887Ãâà Ãâà -2.901779 -2.588280 -2.377333 Ãâà -4.088713 Ãâà -3.472558 -3.163450 Ãâà 1st Difference -7.474388 -3.524233 Ãâà -2.902358 -2.588587 -7.439027 Ãâà -4.090602 Ãâà -3.473447 -3.163967 Ãâà Share Price Level -1.711599 -3.522887Ãâà Ãâà -2.901779 -2.588280 -1.261546 Ãâà -4.088713 Ãâà -3.472558 -3.163450 Ãâà 1st Difference -7.254574 -3.524233 Ãâà -2.902358 -2.588587 -7.391821 Ãâà -4.090602 Ãâà -3.473447 -3.163967 Ãâà The results from Augmented Dickey Fuller test (ADF) for UK GDP in level with intercept and with intercept and trend is à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"0.690866 and -2.377333 respectively. Both the values in level are higher than the critical value and are integrated in order 0 shows non stationary behaviour. The t statistic values in 1st difference with intercept and with intercept and trend are -7.474388 and -7.439207 respectively. Which suggest that the critical values are less than the critical values in 1%, 5% and 10% level. So from the above hypothesis it can be said that it series is integrated with order one. When I performed the unit root test using the same method the series in level with intercept and with intercept and trend the values in are -1.711599 and -1.261546 respectively. The values are higher than the critical values implies that they are not integrated in order one shows non stationary behaviour. However, the 1st difference value of log natural share price is -7.254573 and -7. 391821 with intercept and with intercept and trend respectively. So from the result we can say that the series is integrated in order one in both the cases with intercept and with intercept and trend. So the series in first difference is stationary. Variables level/1st Difference Ãâà Augmented Dickey Fuller Statistic(ADF) test USA Ãâà Conclusion t statistic value With Trend t statistic value With trend and Intercept 1% 5% 10% 1% 5% 10% GDP Level -3.244801 -3.522887Ãâà Ãâà -2.901779 -2.588280 Ãâà 2.866507 Ãâà -4.088713 Ãâà -3.472558 -3.163450 Ãâà 1st Difference -5.010864 -3.524233 Ãâà -2.902358 -2.588587 -5.010864 Ãâà -4.090602 Ãâà -3.473447 -3.163967 Ãâà Share Price Level -2.074732 -3.522887Ãâà Ãâà -2.901779 -2.588280 -0.359637 Ãâà -4.088713 Ãâà -3.472558 -3.163450 Ãâà 1st Difference -8.181234 -3.524233 Ãâà -2.902358 -2.588587 -8.735399 Ãâà -4.090602 Ãâà -3.473447 -3.163967 Ãâà Augmented Dickey Fuller Statistic in case of the variable of USA LUSSP and LUGDP I have used the same method using intercept and intercept and trend in level and first difference. The level t statistic value for LUSGDP is -3.244801 and -2.866507 respectively with intercept and with intercept and trend. The result for USA is same as the other country which is higher than the critical values. Proves that the series is not integrated with order one and is nonstationary. Whereas the first difference t statistic value for LUSGDP is less than the critical value. The t statistic value LUSGDP with intercept is -5.010864 and -5.010864 with intercept and trend. In this case both the values are lesser than the critical value implies that the series is integrated with order one in first difference. While taking the values in level and 1st difference in case of LUSSP the tstatistic value in level are -2.074732 and -0.359637 in level respectively with intercept and wit intercept and trend. Still t he series is showing the same nature in level as they are higher than the critical values and the series is not integrated in order 0. The first difference value for LUSSP series with trend and with trend and intercept is -8.181234 and -8.735399 respectively which is less than the critical value implies the series is integrated with order one. Co integration Test: Two step procedure of Engle-Granger cointegration is to check for the long run relationship between the variables. The first stage was run by using traditional OLS method. To do this we need to check whether the series is stationary or not. Which we have checked before by doing ADF test on each series. where the result shows that the series is integrated with order (1). Engle-Granger representation theorem that might have an error correction mechanism is the series is integrated. In this case the long run OLS model is as follows in case of Japan: LJGDP = 7.97824432568 + 0.163668097988*LJSP Dependent Variable: LJGDP Method: Least Squares Date: 12/17/09 Time: 20:30 Sample: 1991Q1 2009Q2 Included observations: 74 Ãâà Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 7.978244 0.120791 66.04995 0 LJSP 0.163668 0.048847 3.350602 0.0013 R-squared 0.134891 Mean dependent var Ãâà 8.381114 Adjusted R-squared 0.122876 S.D. dependent var Ãâà 0.10605 S.E. of regression 0.099321 Akaike info criterion Ãâà -1.75426 Sum squared resid 0.710261 Schwarz criterion Ãâà -1.69199 Log likelihood 66.90753 Hannan-Quinn criter. Ãâà -1.72942 F-statistic 11.22653 Durbin-Watson stat Ãâà 0.310636 Prob(F-statistic) 0.001287 Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà From the above model I have saved the residual series and performed ADF test with trend and without trend and the values are as follows in the table: Unit Root test for residual Series saved residual RJP T statistic Test critical values: 1% level 5% level 10% level Ãâà With intercept Ãâà -2.831807 -3.522887 Ãâà -2.901779 Ãâà -2.588280 Ãâà With intercept and trend Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà From the above table we can see that the result is significant only in 10% level. Which suggest that there might be a long run relationship between the variables. But there is no long run relationship at 1% and 5% significant level as both the values are higher than the critical value. 2nd stage regression result: LJGDP = 7.96681067902 + 0.170453164194*LJSP + 0.819211725701*RJP(-1) Dependent Variable: LJGDP Method: Least Squares Date: 12/31/09 Time: 18:51 Sample (adjusted): 1991Q2 2009Q2 Included observations: 73 after adjustments Ãâà Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà C 7.966811 0.064529 123.4601 0 LJSP 0.170453 0.026119 6.525992 0 RJP(-1) 0.819212 0.064206 12.75915 0 Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà R-squared 0.747462 Mean dependent var Ãâà 8.384005 Adjusted R-squared 0.740246 S.D. dependent var Ãâà 0.103806 S.E. of regression 0.052906 Akaike info criterion Ãâà -3.00038 Sum squared resid 0.195932 Schwarz criterion Ãâà -2.90625 Log likelihood 112.5137 Hannan-Quinn criter. Ãâà -2.96286 F-statistic 103.5928 Durbin-Watson stat Ãâà 1.958683 Prob(F-statistic) 0 Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà 2nd stage regression suggest that there is short run relationship between stock market and economic growth. As from the table values after running the regression with the help of one intercept and lagged value of the residual save from the first stage regression. Here we can see that the all the coefficient has positive values and r-sruared (0.747462) is less than the Durbin-Watson value(1.958683). so form the results we can see that there exists a short run relationship between stock market and economic growth. Malaysia Following the same stages on Malaysia, by running the regression on OLS to check the long run relationship between stock market and economic growth in Malasia. The equation to check the first stage regression is: LMGDP = 8.2331829641 + 0.340689829517*LMSP The result from the above regression are described in the following table: Dependent Variable: LMGDP Method: Least Squares Date: 12/17/09 Time: 21:00 Sample: 1991Q1 2009Q2 Included observations: 74 Ãâà Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 8.233183 0.644484 12.77484 0 LMSP 0.34069 0.116332 2.928597 0.0046 R-squared 0.106441 Mean dependent var Ãâà 10.11598 Adjusted R-squared 0.094031 S.D. dependent var Ãâà 0.407894 S.E. of regression 0.388243 Akaike info criterion Ãâà 0.972285 Sum squared resid 10.85275 Schwarz criterion Ãâà 1.034557 Log likelihood -33.97453 Hannan-Quinn criter. Ãâà 0.997126 F-statistic 8.576678 Durbin-Watson stat Ãâà 0.054361 Prob(F-statistic) 0.004557 Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Unit Root test for residual Series T statistic Test critical values: 1% level 5% level 10% level Ãâà With intercept Ãâà -1.301997 -3.522887 Ãâà -2.901779 Ãâà -2.588280 Ãâà With intercept and trend Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà From the above regression and after saving the residual I performed and ADF test with trend and without trend on the residual series. Here the result suggests that the t statistic value is higher than the critical values of 1%, 5% and 10% level. Which suggest that residual series is non stationary and there is no relationship between the variables in long run. The estimated equation in error correction model is as follows: LMGDP = 8.13761928798 + 0.360964712114*LMSP + 0.965225800038*R(-1) Dependent Variable: LMGDP Method: Least Squares Date: 01/01/10 Time: 23:15 Sample (adjusted): 1991Q2 2009Q2 Included observations: 73 after adjustments Ãâà Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 8.137619 0.147701 55.09505 0 LMSP 0.360965 0.02665 13.54478 0 R(-1) 0.965226 0.027335 35.31042 0 Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà R-squared 0.952382 Mean dependent var Ãâà 10.12619 Adjusted R-squared 0.951022 S.D. dependent var Ãâà 0.401091 S.E. of regression 0.088766 Akaike info criterion Ãâà -1.96541 Sum squared resid 0.551553 Schwarz criterion Ãâà -1.87128 Log likelihood 74.7374 Hannan-Quinn criter. Ãâà -1.9279 F-statistic 700.0218 Durbin-Watson stat Ãâà 2.075716 Prob(F-statistic) 0 Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà 2nd stage results are suggesting about the short run relationship between the variables. As we can see from the is less than the Durbin-Watson Statistic. So from the result we can say that there exist a co-integrating relationship between stock market and economic growth in short run. UK Considering the case of UK to find out the relationship both in long and short run I used the same procedure to find out the relationship. As all the variables are integrated with order one which suggests the variables are stationary. Now by applying the Engle Granger cointegration method to estimate the co integrating vector in OLS and then examining the residual series. Cointegration for the long run depends on the residual series. Here I defined the residual series a RUK for the variables LUGDP (log of UK GDP) and LUSP(log of UK share price). If we look at the table of the unit root test for the residual series of the Co-integrating regression of LUGDP and LUSP the residual series RUK is -1.355485 with intercept and Ãâà -2.426938 with intercept and trend. Where both the result for unit root test by applying Augmented Dickey Fuller test suggests that the residual series has a nonstationary behaviour in both the case with intercept and with intercept and trend. As the critical value for at 1%, 5% and 10% is -3.522887, -3.522887 and -2.588280 respectively with intercept and -4.088713, -3.472558 and -3.163450with intercept and trend. As the t statistic value is higher than the critical values in both the case, so from the result we can say that the residual series in non stationary and there is no long run relationship between the variable. Dependent Variable: LUGDP Method: Least Squares Date: 12/17/09 Time: 21:10 Sample: 1991Q1 2009Q2 Included observations: 74 Ãâà Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà C 6.41427 0.52629 12.18771 0 LUSP 0.790239 0.064275 12.29475 0 R-squared 0.677363 Mean dependent var Ãâà 12.87916 Adjusted R-squared 0.672882 S.D. dependent var Ãâà 0.332711 S.E. of regression 0.190291 Akaike info criterion Ãâà -0.45386 Sum squared resid 2.607181 Schwarz criterion Ãâà -0.39159 Log likelihood 18.79298 Hannan-Quinn criter. Ãâà -0.42902 F-statistic 151.1608 Durbin-Watson stat Ãâà 0.149084 Prob(F-statistic) 0 Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Unit Root test for residual Series residual saved T statistic Test critical values: RUK Ãâà 1% level 5% level 10% level Ãâà With Intercept Ãâà -1.355485 -3.522887 Ãâà -2.901779 Ãâà -2.588280 Ãâà With intercept and trend Ãâà -2.426938 -4.088713 -3.472558 -3.16345 2nd stage Dependent Variable: LUGDP Method: Least Squares Date: 01/04/10 Time: 17:57 Sample (adjusted): 1991Q2 2009Q2 Included observations: 73 after adjustments Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà C 6.375942 0.207063 30.79235 0 LUSP 0.795176 0.025265 31.47291 0 RUK(-1) 0.937553 0.046342 20.23103 0 R-squared 0.952647 Mean dependent var Ãâà 12.88329 Adjusted R-squared 0.951294 S.D. dependent var Ãâà 0.333094 S.E. of regression 0.073512 Akaike info criterion Ãâà -2.3425 Sum squared resid 0.378285 Schwarz criterion Ãâà -2.24837 Log likelihood 88.50121 Hannan-Quinn criter. Ãâà -2.30499 F-statistic 704.1223 Durbin-Watson stat Ãâà 2.248029 Prob(F-statistic) 0 Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà USA In case of USA to find out the relationship between stock market and economic growth using Engle Granger cointegration method we find the following results. LUSGDP = 6.422388123 + 0.32041281224*LUSSP Dependent Variable: LUSGDP Method: Least Squares Date: 12/31/09 Time: 02:02 Sample: 1991Q1 2009Q2 Included observations: 74 Ãâà Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà C 6.422388 0.140166 45.82 0 LUSSP 0.320413 0.015722 20.38041 0 R-squared 0.852266 Mean dependent var Ãâà 9.274948 Adjusted R-squared 0.850214 S.D. dependent var Ãâà 0.166293 S.E. of regression 0.064359 Akaike info criterion Ãâà -2.62203 Sum squared resid 0.29823 Schwarz criterion Ãâà -2.55975 Log likelihood 99.01496 Hannan-Quinn criter. Ãâà -2.59719 F-statistic 415.3609 Durbin-Watson stat Ãâà 0.124101 Prob(F-statistic) 0 Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Unit Root test for residual Series Residual saved RUS T statistic Test critical values: 1% level 5% level 10% level With intercept -0.638033 -3.522887 -2.901779 -2.588280 With intercept and trend -1.430799 -4.088713 -3.472558 -3.163450 After saving the residuals from the 1st stage regression RUS I did the ADF test on it where we can see the t statistic value is literally higher than the 1%, 5% and 10% critical value in both the cases with intercept and with intercept and trend. As we can see the critical values are -3.552287, -2.901779 and -2.588280 with intercept, -1.430799, -3.472558 and -3.163450 in 1%, 5% and 10% level respectively. So the possibility for having long run relationship between GDP and stock price doesnt exist in case of USA. 2nd stage regression: Dependent Variable: LUSGDP Method: Least Squares Date: 01/05/10 Time: 21:36 Sample (adjusted): 1991Q2 2009Q2 Included observations: 73 after adjustments Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 6.400276 0.051084 125.29 0 LUSSP 0.323107 0.005722 56.46591 0 RUS(-1) 0.972896 0.043361 22.43708 0 R-squared 0.981148 Mean dependent var Ãâà 9.278975 Adjusted R-squared 0.980609 S.D. dependent var Ãâà 0.163769 S.E. of regression 0.022805 Akaike info criterion Ãâà -4.683433 Sum squared resid 0.036405 Schwarz criterion Ãâà -4.589305 Log likelihood 173.9453 Hannan-Quinn criter. Ãâà -4.645922 F-statistic 1821.53 Durbin-Watson stat Ãâà 2.153933 Prob(F-statistic) 0 Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Granger Causality test: Pair wise Granger Causality Tests Date: 01/05/10 Time: 22:03 Sample: 1991Q1 2009Q2 Lags: 3 Null Hypothesis: Observation F-Statistic Prob. LJSP does not Granger Cause LJGDP 71 1.46842 0.2315 LJGDP does not Granger Cause LJSP Ãâà 0.7659 0.5173 After performing the causality tests on the series DLJGDP and DLJSP with lag 3 according to the causality table to reject the null hypothesis that GDP does not granger cause LJSP. No causal relationship exists between share price and GDP in Japan. Pair wise Granger Causality Tests Date: 01/05/10 Time: 22:18 Sample: 1991Q1 2009Q2 Lags: 3 Null Hypothesis: Observations F-Statistic Prob. LMSP does not Granger Cause LMGDP 71 14.8418 0.0000002 LMGDP does not Granger Cause LMSP Ãâà 0.65292 0.584 We can see the same result when we performed the causality test LMGDP and LMSP. Here we cannot reject the null which shows that there is no causal relationship between stock price and GDP. Pair wise Granger Causality Tests Date: 01/05/10 Time: 22:22 Sample: 1991Q1 2009Q2 Lags: 3 Null Hypothesis: Observations F-Statistic Prob. LUSP does not Granger Cause LUGDP 71 4.17743 0.0092 LUGDP does not Granger Cause LUSP 0.58556 0.6267 Pair wise Granger Causality Tests Date: 01/05/10 Time: 22:24 Sample: 1991Q1 2009Q2 Lags: 3 Null Hypothesis: Observations F-Statistic Prob. LUSSP does not Granger Cause LUSGDP 71 2.50276 0.0671 LUSGDP does not Granger Cause LUSSP 0.51256 0.6751 Analysis of the result: kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-63349822061474627602020-05-13T01:47:00.001-07:002020-05-13T01:47:04.283-07:00Browns Fall Essay - 1998 Words The setting of a work can be the most powerful literary devices an author uses in their work. Setting refers to a location or time in which a work is set. Setting has a wide range of possibilities. The setting of a work may be as simple as a single room or may be as complex as the author or characters psychological state of mind. Authors can use setting to enhance the theme of their works. One author in particular is Nathaniel Hawthorne. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote ââ¬Å"Young Goodman Brownâ⬠in 1835. His time period influenced the theme of his work. The theme Hawthorne chose was the weakness of public morality. In ââ¬Å"Young Goodman Brownâ⬠Hawthorne shows this theme through the perspective of a Puritan man, Goodman Brown. In the story Hawthorneâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦William served as a colonial legislator and a major in the Salem militia. Despite Williams better deeds he is better known for his suppression of heretics, who also inhabited the land. During one tria l Hathorne had ordered a burglars ear to be cut off and have his forehead branded with the letter B. Williams son John had followed his fathers footsteps, he also became a judge. Nathanielââ¬â¢s great-grandfather Johns actions as a judge influenced the writing of ââ¬Å"Young Goodman Brownâ⬠. In 1691, Salem had seen hard times. The town had gone through a brutal winter, an outbreak of smallpox, and heavy taxes from the British. The townsfolks only explanation at the time was the devil. The bible had warned the puritan peoples of the devils evil ways, and the humans that serve him, witches. In 1692 the people of Salem had convinced themselves that witchcraft was invading the town. The people believed witchcraft was the cause for their economic and spiritual troubles. Many innocent townspeople were being accused of being witches and were brought before John Hathorne in court. These trials were later named the Salem Witch Trials. John had relied on hearsay and spectral evidence to convict almost thirty-one people of witchcraft. Spectral evidence was the most common way to convict someone of witchcraft. Spectral evidence was something that only appeared to the victims of witchcraft. It was based uponShow MoreRelated Things Fall Apart Essay714 Words à |à 3 PagesThings Fall Apart Opposites do not Attract In Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, Mr. Brown, the first missionary in Umuofia, was a kind and respectful man. Not to say that Reverend James Smith was not, but his degree of kindness and respect were present in a whole different level. They both wanted to convert the lost, all those in Umuofia that were not in the church. Mr. Brown made friends with the clan and ââ¬Å"trod softly on his faith,â⬠(pg.178) while Mr. Smith told them how thingsRead MoreReligion Can Help Society Progress But It Can Also Easily1435 Words à |à 6 Pagessociety progress but it can also easily destroy the very same entity it has the power to protect. This is entirely dependent on the followers of this religion and how they choose to act on the beliefs that govern it. In Chinua Achebeââ¬â¢s novel Things Fall Apart, religion is a very dynamic force. 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These stories expose the psycheââ¬â¢s continuous battle between right and wrong, reality and illusion, and sanity and insanity, andRead More Analysis of Achebes Impartiality in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart1098 Words à |à 5 PagesAchebes Impartiality In Things Fall Apart à à à à Knowledge of Africa and the inhabitants of the massive continent were often portrayed as barbaric beasts by the first missionaries to enter the land.à Because of skewed writings by European missionary workers, a picture was painted for their readership of a savage Africa saved only by the benevolent, civilized western influence.à Achebe successfully attempts to redirect this attitude. Achebe educationally has the means to convey a different perspectiveRead MoreThings Fall Apart Essay1018 Words à |à 5 PagesThe book ââ¬Å"Things Fall Apartâ⬠by Chinua Achebe has many important sociological perspectives. Many of the characters in the book play important roles in order to create a society. 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Graham Greeneââ¬â¢s The Power and the Glory, however, centers around an unnamed whiskey priestRead MoreEssay on Key Passage Commentary on Things Fall Apart1070 Words à |à 5 PagesThis passage, found as a conclusion to a chapter in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart, takes place after Okonkwos return to Umuofia. A new English missionary has been set up in the village and has caused a great divide between the villagers. The main purpose of the section is to describe some of these events and changes that have taken place in Umuofia since Okonkwos return. The passage is structured in three parts, each detailing about a different aspe ct. The first section focuses on OkonkwosRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1290 Words à |à 6 Pagesinto the African Culture that he experienced when he was younger. In the book, Things Fall Apart, author, Chinua Achebe, introduces the reader to an entirely new side of African culture, and the changes brought when outside forces collided with a different culture through the authorââ¬â¢s characterization, the novelââ¬â¢s theme, and the authorââ¬â¢s purpose. Chinua Achebe uses characterization in the first part of Things Fall Apart to introduce the beliefs and male gender expectations of the people of the IboRead MoreThe Change And Growth Of Human Interaction995 Words à |à 4 Pagesdestructive growth. Often, the inevitable clash of old and new worlds provides opportunities for collective as well as individual growth, but it also creates friction between those who hold the extreme and uncompromising views. Chinua Achebeââ¬â¢s Things Fall Apart examines the interaction between two very different societies and the evolution of this interaction that changed and continues to change the world and society. Despite the superficial and apparent differences between the native Africans and theRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1256 Words à |à 6 PagesThroughout history we have learned that different societies are accompanied by different customs. Amongst these customs are the rules, morality, ethnic norms and others that make a soci ety unique.Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a novel that describes a Nigerian community Ibo, that has its own set or rules, norms and traditions. In this novel we are exposed to a community that goes through struggles between change and tradition when Christianity is introduced to the society through British colonization kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-34615804049302277192020-05-06T13:12:00.001-07:002020-05-06T13:12:45.515-07:00The Approach Of Systems Thinking Commerce Essay Free Essays string(58) " more about what really governs people ââ¬Ës behavior\." Over this century the attack of Systems Thinking has gained increasing attending in assorted social spheres, such as civilization, scientific discipline, general and human ecology, faith and economic sciences A ; direction. System Thinking has taught us that it is non about faulting other people but to work together to happen a solution and to accomplish that there must be a good relationship, connectivity and interconnectivity. For any system to work efficaciously it is recommended that all parts be present and functional and must be connected to a proper manner. We will write a custom essay sample on The Approach Of Systems Thinking Commerce Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now System believing in an Organisation chiefly depends on accomplishing negative information through openness and feedback, system believing besides plays a major function in administrations and aid to acquire rid of disfucntional administration, Successful organisations develop features and execute procedures that allow them to accommodate to restraints, menaces, and chances. For any administration grow and better that administration must so go larning administration and for it to work efficaciously there should be an effectual leading which will convey effectual alteration and originative thoughts to the administration. Learning organisation deter the outlook that it is merely senior direction who can and make all the thought for the full corporation and it hence encourages everyone ââ¬Ës thoughts are valued and amount that people can lend and it is non determined by place in the organisation. 2.1 Quiz 1 The embedding procedure, The following scenario has been experienced from my company. This typical illustration is used to suit the ââ¬ËWhy ââ¬Ë Question in the hereafter. Buying a Generator Transformer for Majuba Unit 1 Why Generator Transformer? Can transport high Voltage and high Amperes Can defy higher Temperatures. Can defy lower Temperatures Can be used out-of-doorss and Indoors Using natural air and oil for chilling Can step up or down the Voltage Excessively dearly-won Available on shelves Why non Unit transformer? Carries less Voltage and Amperes Easily acquire hot due to insufficient chilling Low current capacity Inadequate chilling system Reasonable monetary value Can merely step down the Voltage Why non dry type Transformer? Recommended for Indoors usage Can non defy high temperatures Can non stand really low temperatures Very inexpensive Can merely step down the Voltage. Why non BFP ââ¬Ës Transformers? Not design to transport out high tonss Can defy high and lower temporaries Reasonable monetary value 5. Why non Pole mounted Transformer Does non suit for the intent, Can defy temperature alterations Not available on shelf Used FOR Domestic intent The result of the analysis shows that Option figure 1 is the lone 1 that is applicable for the Majuba Power Station, this is due to the fact that option figure 1 meets all the specific demands and is ever available on shelves. 2.2 QUIZ 2 House Criteria and Requirements Weight House A House Bacillus HOUSE C Bedroom size 10 3 3 4 Shoping Centre 5 1 3 1 Security 5 2 2 1 Garage 5 3 1 1 Crime Rate 5 2 1 2 Police station 5 1 1 3 Gardening size 5 2 1 2 Design 5 3 1 1 Vicinity 5 1 1 3 Traffic 10 6 2 2 School 10 2 4 4 Location 10 3 1 6 Family demand 5 2 2 1 Affordability ( Price ) 10 4 4 2 Near to work 5 3 1 1 Entire 100 38 28 34 Table 1 Decision doing Tool The determination doing tool used above on Table 1 used a standard to measure the best house that one can purchase, Given the demand that the house should run into or follow with, the determination was taken that House A is the best house to purchase. 2.3 QUIZ 3 Plethora of Literature Fig 1 Brain Power Fig 1 above Tells about the Memory ability Factor: System believing illustrate that no affair how much work burden you might hold the encephalon power aid to execute you responsibilities and ensures that all work acquire don, it besides tells us that a proper planning plays a immense function on all state of affairs one could come across with, It hence of import for the individual to acquire sufficient cognition and preparation to accomplish the best consequences. Fig 2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT Fig 2 above Tells us on Project direction state of affairs planning besides plays a immense function and if planning is non done one will confront troubles when it comes to Project Execution, Project Management is worthless when the quality is compromised, Fig 2 Teach us the for the undertaking to executed, The strategic program is where we find the AIM of the system the ââ¬Ëwhole ââ¬Ë should be taken into consideration, intending that the must be a continues betterment and a strategic planning and Management should be pattern for a Undertaking to be a successful one. FIG 3 INFORMATION SYSTEM BEHAVIOR Fig 3 above Tells us the information system in administration, Organisation should guarantee that its values are know by all employees and should populate by them, Trust within the administration leads to a good squad work with one end of accomplishing the best for the company. Policies and process should organize portion of day-to-day activities and should be communicated to all employees in an administration, 2.3.1 LETTER TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS Title: System Thinking Application in Organisation Background Many companies have failed themselves and some resulted in shuting down, No one of all time take clip to understand why this happens, Research shows that system thought does non be and Management does thing the manner they think. Most administrations do non run as a ââ¬Ëwhole ââ¬Ë but instead as a ââ¬Ëpart ââ¬Ë of the system. System Thinking Application Fig 1, 2 and 3 above illustrate Different application of the system thought, each and every figure will lend to the turning and development of the administration, Employees and Management will derive a batch of trust and apprehension of each other, to better our methods of alteration, hence, we need to understand more about what really governs people ââ¬Ës behavior. You read "The Approach Of Systems Thinking Commerce Essay" in category "Essay examples" When no alteration occurs, it is the form of behavior that remains unchanged. Making the right thing means we have to larn how to see an administration as a system and understand the deductions of that position for what it means to pull off. Recommendation and Decision System believing when applied decently can alter the mentality of employees and it is recommended that all employees to be exposed to system thought and the construction should be such that employees must experience that they are portion of the administration, It is recommended that preparation should be provided to the employees to acquire the good consequences of system thought, Good communicating construction to be in topographic point and all informed of it, In decision, A learning administration produces a good consequences and increases working public presentation which leads to an addition in production. It is the Board determination to accept the application of System believing in this administration taking into history the benefit and the impact the system believing will hold in the administration. 2.4 QUIZ 4 What is Fractal ââ¬â a fractal is any object or something or signifier created from repeated forms apparent at many degrees of graduated table. In my administration, I have noticed that a fractal quality take topographic point when we do the pre occupation brief [ where safety and occupation planning is discussed before the occupation can really get down ] and the Safety of people is ever emphasised and repeated, this is done to accomplish one end which is to hold zero first assistance and zero Loss clip hurts. Another Changes that I need to Implement is to accomplish Fractal quality is Cardinal regulations, These regulations are the regulations that can non be broken by anyone and should anyone interrupt anyone of the regulations, there will be a formal disciplinary for that person which might consequences to a serious misconduct These five cardinal regulations are as follows: Open, Isolates, Earth and/or bond and safety trial before touch Hook up at highs Be sober Have Permit to work I therefore see it necessary to warn co-workers each twenty-four hours about these five cardinal regulations. 2.4 QUIZ 5 1. Angstrom 2. ââ¬â 4B 3. Bacillus 4. Angstrom 5. Angstrom 6. Bacillus 7. ââ¬â 4C 2.5 QUIZ 6 Undertaking Name: Renovation of Turbine Valves This is a undertaking that is presently busy with at my work topographic point Majuba Power Station Unit 4. Background In 2009 it was suspected that unit 4 Turbine Valve are damaged, this came after the machine was in a procedure of closing down after flushing extremum, The Operator who was in charge of the machine did non follow the shut down process and he was erroneously unfastened the control valve and allow H2O to travel through the Turbine, Water should non at any point go to the turbine as this could caused Quenching [ allow H2O to the turbine valves ] . The effects of Turbine extinction is a categorized as a catastrophe which cause the Rotors on the Turbine to flex and finally do the Turbine to vibrate, and since last twelvemonth therefore far the quiver has been so high, The ground for non making the fixs last when the incident take topographic point was the fact the system could non let Majuba to take the machine out for Outage due to the system constrains. The machine have been running at a lower burden since last twelvemonth and the hazard to run the machine with amendss was identified and all extenuation was put in topographic point to avoid farther amendss to the Turbine. Scope of work: Shut down the Machine Force cool the machine for 36hrs Erect Scaffolding [ Sub contract ] Remove lagging and cladding [ Sub contract ] Remove Turbine 4 Turbine valves Remove Turbine Two Rotors Send both Valves and Rotors for fixs at Alstom [ Sub contract ] Inspect and replace bearing no 1 and 10 if found damaged Collect both Valves and Rotors from Alstom Put back Turbine rotors Put back Turbine Valves Replace lagging and facing Dismantle Scaffolding [ Sub contract ] Perform Turbine tests, take reading and analyse [ Sub contract ] Start up the Machine The chief Contractor is Rotek Engineering Sub contractor no 1 Kaefer [ Scaffolding ] Sub contractor no 2 Alstom Power Services Entire costs for this Undertaking is R 13,000,000.00 Chaos Theory application This Undertaking was scheduled to get down on the 16th September and complete on the 29th October 2010, The chief Contractor is Rotek Engineering Sub contractor no 1 Kaefer [ Scaffolding ] Sub contractor no 2 Alstom Power Services After go toing The Da Vinci Institute classes on System Management, the tool used on the stuff was checked against my current undertakings as follows: So far Alstom has indicated that will be little alteration on the undertaking continuance as the range on the Valves and Rotors has increased after they have stripped and inspected the Vales and Rotors and that has a direct influence on the entire budget allocated, Rotek contractor together with Alstom revised the saloon chart every bit good as the WBS [ Non additive paradigm adopted ] which so showed a late completion day of the month of the 5th November 2010, as Eskom we do non desire to lose clip on the undertaking we so called up a particular meeting with the chief Contractor [ Rotek ] , The contractor was requested to direct a citation for an extra range submitted after the review was done and Eskom besides instructed the Rotek to acquire more resources and besides cite on that extra resources ( we applied control ) , The entire costs now has been increased to R 13A 850,000.00 which was non approved budget ab initio. We so as a squad called up a meeting with everyone involved, all were encouraged to work safe and put focal point on the work, the coverage / communicating construction [ D channel applied ] and organogram besides discussed with the squad and all understood the set up. Team members were motivated and were promised a braai every bit good as Game gift verifiers of R 150, 00 each should the undertaking be completed on clip. Everybody was asked to experience free on the occupation and to describe any insecure act and the suggestion box was placed on the floor for anyone with jobs on the undertaking itself including HR and Salary issues. In this undertaking non much alteration was applied to the solutions of mending the Valves and the Rotors as the recommendation was given by the industry and no other determination could be made as this constituents are non manufactured locally and no 1 knows much within South Africa. Presently the squad and everybody involved are happy and this is conformed by the committedness and dedication noted on the squad, this has led to a decrease in continuance of the undertaking by two yearss. The decrease in continuance has helped in costs decrease on the undertaking. Therefore Chaos theory in Project Management has taught us the followers: If a good planning and Execution is non done decently, that undertaking is a If there is no proper communicating in a squad, that is a formula for a catastrophe in a undertaking [ D channel plays a immense function ] The undertaking environment should be contributing for the squad to larn in order to maximize the usage of alteration. 3.1 ANALYSE ELEMENT FROM STAKEHOLDER ââ¬ËS VIEWPONT 3.1.1 Power Generation and Supply at Eskom This is an component that I will be discoursing and analysing, besides to place Operating, Transaction every bit good as Contextual Environment. A Operating Environment Structure: It is good defined and all employees and employer understand and follow the agreed construction. Culture: Like any other organisation, Culture diverseness is still a challenge as people do things otherwise and besides think otherwise. Competences: Competent people are largely on Majuba side although there is still some work to be done and less competent people are more on Contractors working under Majuba. Resources: In footings of resources, most of the work is outsourced and that is where the most resources are in employed compared to the resources Majuba. B Transactional Environment Communities: Not applicable. Regulators: Eskom is regulated by NERSA in footings of Electricity and in footings Gender equity it is for regulated by authorities Act and ain internal processs. Stockholders: Government and World Bank Creditors: Customers: Eskom clients are chiefly all house clasp, Municipalities, Mines, and Hospitals every bit good outside states like Zimbabwe. Suppliers: Eskom providers are chiefly the coal mines, section of H2O personal businesss, gas Industries, letter paper companies every bit good Computer companies. Rivals: Presently Eskom does non hold rivals in footings of Electrical power coevals, but other companies generate their ain Electricity for ain usage e.g. Sasol. Trade association: Not applicable Unions / employees: Eskom employees have three brotherhoods stand foring them and they are NUM, NUMSA every bit good Solidarity. C. Contextual Environment Political Forces: Political engagement does be but chiefly take portion in higher Management degree, The ground being that the Eskom Chief Executive Officer is appointed by the Minister of Public Enterprise and Energy. Economic Forces: Economic forces has negatively impacted Eskom in the past two old ages and that was due to the universe recession and the factor is the new physique Eskom Power Stations which requires a batch of one million millions to be completed and that has besides put Eskom into fiscal crisis at this phase. Ecological Forces: Not applicable and have no impact on Eskom concern and operation. Technological Forces, Technology keeps on turning and coming each and every twelvemonth and Eskom is ever out at that place seeking for new thoughts and information of running the concern efficaciously and expeditiously without compromising its nucleus concern. Socio-cultural Forces: Peoples have different attitude, beliefs, imposts and life style every bit good as civilization, Eskom does hold these different people but they are no influence or whatsoever towards Eskom employees as they have established a wont of working as a squad. 3.2 FORMULATE THE MESS A ; DESCRIBE THE CURRENT REALITY 3.2.1 System Analysis Component System Environment Structure: The histrions involved here are the Employees, Trade brotherhoods, Employer, clients and providers, their involvement is to guarantee Generate Electricity and administer it to its clients. Eskom has a immense influence and impact on Electricity supply to its clients and besides has influence on its employees Members: Eskom Executive Committee Board members and employees on all Eskom divisions. Major constituents are all the electricity bring forthing workss and Coal and Gasses. Their relationship is that bring forthing workss requires Coal and Gasses to bring forth Electrical energy. Eskom has a dedicated staff that ensures there is continues supply of Electrical energy to Eskom clients, Currently Eskom stockholders are its employees every bit good as the Government, There are three trade brotherhoods viz. NUM, NUMSA every bit good as SOLIDARITY, Eskom chief clients are all Electricity users [ domestic usage ] , Mines, Hospitals and other neighbouring states, Current providers are Coal mines, gasses provider, Government appoints Eskom CEO and ensures that all authorities act are obeyed and followed by all Employers and Eskom is presently regulates by NERSA. Function: Eskom produced Electrical Energy for all its clients including neighbouring states like Zimbabwe, Electrical energy is produced for all family and domestic usage, Hospitals and companies every bit good as the mines that requires electrical energy to run their concerns, Daily meeting are held where the production demands are discussed and actions are taken by relevant persons. The chief merchandises is Electrical energy and the markets all Eskom clients, Presently Eskom does non hold major rivals, Eskom has entered the markets in a immense manner that its is registered with JSE every bit good as universe market, Eskom is presently making good in the Market as there are one other company that compete with Eskom and non much challenge is experience by Eskom, As antecedently discussed, Eskom has no rivals and hence no strength exist PROCESS ( Knowledge ) : Electrical energy is produced where by the Boiler filled with Tubes is heated through the Boiler Tubes and the steam is formed which the converted to a dry steam and transported at a high force per unit area which so turn the Turbine which in bend turned the Generator. The initiation processes takes topographic point in the generator and the magnetic field are produced and Electrical energy generated. Then the generated power transferred to the Generator transformer which the measure up the Voltage from 22A 000Volts to 400kv, this 400kv is the sent to the grid and so national control controls the power distribution to all system webs and Eskom clients Eskom seeks new engineering each and every twenty-four hours for its nucleus concern of bring forthing Electricity at sensible monetary value and that is ever available, although Eskom do hold competent people and accomplishments but there is spread that needs to be closed due to the fact that people with so right accomplishments are go forthing the administration and there is skill keeping or development program in topographic point, Throughput procedure: Eskom produces a capacity of 4100 MW of Electricity per twenty-four hours, provided the full machines are on burden bring forthing electricity. Organizational procedure: Eskom have processs and Policies in topographic point which aid to run the concern efficaciously e.g. finance, engineering, quality, human resources, and selling are of import procedure considerations. Minimum demand ââ¬â To be able to bring forth Electrical energy that is ever available at a sensible monetary value, Benchmaker: The best participants in the administration are all the Eskom employees and the employer who makes it possible produces this Electricity, Cost of selling is 150 Per Megawatt, Cost of Production is about R38m per Megawatt, Cost of developing about R12m, Cost of rank ( operating expenses ) is about R50m. 3.2.2 OBSTRUCTION ANALYSIS BSTRUCTION ANALYSIS Function Structure Procedure Power Daily meeting are held where the production demands are discussed and actioned to relevant persons. Beginning of Power is at Management degrees and they are responsible for continues running of the Plant. Policies and process are clear and good defined, all people involved are cognizant of the procedure to be followed. Cognition Everyone is clear and knows precisely of what needs to be done as all are allocated with work for that peculiar twenty-four hours. All employees are measured utilizing the in agreement cardinal public presentation Indexs and the wages being the Performance Appraisal Bonuses. The system is in topographic point for all the divergence and control in conformity with NEC, feedback is required on specific agreed day of the months. Wealth In footings of Market viability, Eskom is still safe as the Market response rather good since there are no rivals ; The demand increases at a fast rate. Eskom beginning of money is on both Eskom ego net income every bit good as World bank where most of the loans are granted to Eskom. Although some the Generating Machines are acquiring old, The Machines still operates efficaciously and the demand is forecast 48 hrs upfront at the control Centre situated in Germiston and planned consequently. Beauty Eskom vision of the coveted hereafter province that ââ¬ËTogether constructing the powerbase for sustainable growing and development and to supply Southern Africa with dependable cost effectual Power ââ¬Ë At the present minute Eskom does non hold any insecurities and disaffection, South Africa chiefly dependant on Eskom to provide Electricity and the support is continues. There is a good Integration on Eskom ââ¬Ës stakeholders, The distinction exist when Government is loath to O.K. requested financess and when clients has to pay additions on Electricity Valuess The Main hazards that Eskom faces are deficit of skilled forces, Insufficient power bring forthing machines to run into the increasing demand every bit good as support of the new undertakings Eskom value its employees and handle everyone with regard they deserve, The Group consists of different people coming from different background and Culture and everyone respects other chap ââ¬Ës civilization. Conflict Management processs are in topographic point to cover with any struggle arising. Depending on each instance virtue but largely a disciplinary commission plays a function. 3.2.3 REFERENCE PROJECTION There is a batch of a thing that could go on should at that place be no alteration the manner administration operates, the undermentioned explains: The company will non turn and no invention. The company will non copy with new Technologies Skilled people will non acquire challenge and will stop up populating the administration 3.2.4 REFERENCE SCENARIOS Organisation would destruct itself by non using alteration in the current manner they operates their concerns, Administration that do non guarantee its employees are acquiring developed and are given opportunity to research. Administration destroys itself if it non a learning administration and when power is on certain single merely Administration that does non hold Policies and processs would be destructing its hereafter. 3.3 DESCRIBE THE AS IT SHOULD STATE FOR AREA ââ¬â Probe Here we discuss the Solutions that can assist to better the system by discoursing the followers: 3.3.1 Where system in an administration should be more opened? In my administration I believe the system should be more opened on the followers: Open in communicating construction from the high Management to a lower category people in the administration. Open in Information sharing within the administration even to the people who do non hold entree to e-mail and GroupWise. Open in people ââ¬Ës development Open in giving people a platform for Innovation. Open in Procedures and Policies. 3.3.2 Where the system in an administration should be closed? Close in High degree Management determination Near in Individual wages. 3.3.3 Where the system in an administration should be connected? Different sections working in silos should be connected Different division should be connected. 3.3.4 Where Boundaries should be? When people non following processs. When people are interrupting the jurisprudence and the regulations. Applied when there is a no work a no wage should use. 3.3.5 Where is the form in an administration? Time order, everybody to maintain on start working clip. Follow processs on all work. Treat everybody with regard. 3.4 CASUAL LOOP DIAGRAM 3.4.1 Casual Loop Diagram Key Findings The undermentioned points indicate the chief country of concern on the above Casual cringle diagram in Fig 5: It is noted that high population addition electricity demand which in bend reduces the Supply of electricity The current procedure of bring forthing electricity has a negative impact on our environment as it causes pollution to the air. The effects of fouling the may every bit good mine workers where Cola is supplied may consequences to human deaths. It is an obvious instance that in winter season where there is no rainfall, the Eskom administration finds it hard to bring forth Electricity as there is immense deficit of H2O in the dikes and rivers. The more human deaths are experience in the industries is the more our population acquire reduced. It is true Eskom is lending to the Economy of this state because all concerns needs electricity to operates efficaciously Eskom as an administration opens occupation chances and allow people to develop in their callings within Eskom. It is besides noted that when the employees are given a opportunity to get cognition through surveies and research, they become more enlightening and increase that increases their accomplishments. 3.4.2 Recommendation from the Casual Loop Diagram The safety of people is a precedence and no production loss or net income can warrant the safety of people, it is hence recommended that the Companies should be more watchful and put systems in topographic point to guarantee that workers come to work safe and unrecorded work safe. It is recommended that administrations should hold a program in topographic point to develop its employees, this will convey good consequences in a long tally and will lend to the high net income of the administration as the employees will be more skilled and knowing which helps in increasing the company production. 3.5 FRACTAL LIKE REQUIREMENT Refer to Quiz no 4 on page 10 3.6 BOARD MEMORANDUM Refer to Quiz no 3 on page 6 3.7 Decision In decision, whether we consider systems believing largely a new position and a set of tools, it has a power and a possible that one time we have been introduced, are difficult to defy. The more you learn about this challenging field, the more you will desire to cognize. In administrations, System Thinking has taught us that all sections should work together and incorporate to accomplish the best consequences, It has besides taught that although we need to cover with a alteration in our environment and learn to near as the ââ¬Ëwhole ââ¬Ë instead that as ââ¬Ëparts ââ¬Ë of the system. How to cite The Approach Of Systems Thinking Commerce Essay, Essay examples kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-25395651310979383932020-05-03T22:59:00.001-07:002020-05-03T22:59:02.665-07:00Poety free essay sample Time I Mean it is by a band called Mayday Parade. The song is on their Anywhere but Here album that was released in 2009. This specific song has a lot of similarities including poetic devices, denotation and connotation and also musical presentation. Poetic devices are very common in music including the song l Swear this Time I Mean it. The first poetic device noticed in this song is rhyme. Rhyming is when two words sound the same or have the same ending. Rhyming words usually occur at the end of poetic lines.An example from the song would be If luck is on my side tonight my clumsy tongue will make it right. The rhyming words are tonight and right. The singer is saying if Hess lucky tonight hell fix his his mistakes and make them right. The singer uses rhyme to pull the song together. The next poetic device noticed in the song is personification. We will write a custom essay sample on Poety or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Personification is when an inhuman object is giving a human characteristic. An example from the song is Oh Florida please be still tonight. That is personification because Florida cant move in the first place.The last poetic device in the song is repetition. Repetition occurs in the song when he sings And Ill sing a melody and Sleeping softly while I sing the singer repeats the word sing throughout the song. Every word has denotation and connotation. Denotation is the dictionary definition of a word. Connotation is an idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing. An example from the song is the word serene. Denotation of the word serene Is Unaffected by disturbance; calm and unruffled. A connotation of the word serene loud be calm, tranquil or also peaceful.I know the connotation of the word serene because once knew the definition I knew other words with the same meaning. Another word from the song Is clumsy. The denotation of clumsy Is awkward In movement or handling things. Connotation for clumsy would be the words awkward or gawky. I know the connotation because awkward Is In the deflation. The last word for denotation and connotation Is overrated The denotation of overrated Is an estimate that Is too high A connotation for the word overrated would be exaggerated.I know the connotation because exaggerated also means to overstate something. Musical presentation Is Important In music because thats how singers express themselves and their songs. The first musical presentation of the songs Is rhythm. Rhythm Is Important In songs because Its the beat of the music playing. Songs usually have the same rhythm throughout a song changing at the chorus. The next musical presentation Is the Instruments they use to create the song. While listening to the song you can hear the guitar, the bass and the drums ND also they use a microphone to tone and make their voices louder. kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-87945215553780421592020-03-27T16:07:00.001-07:002020-03-27T16:07:02.224-07:0050 Out of This World Space Activities50 Out of This World Space Activities Send your elementary school class over the moon with theseà space activities. Here is a list of space-related resources to help blast your students imaginations into outer space: Space Activities The Smithsonian Education site provides a general introduction to the universe.View the atmosphere through Google Earth.NASA offers teachers grades K-6 a variety of space-related activities.View astronomy photographs and browse interactive activities at the HubbleSite.View a space grocery list and have students create their own version.Learn how to construct a space station.Get active and learn how to train like an astronaut.Create a space shuttle scavenger hunt.Write a biography about a former astronomer.Research about extraterrestrial intelligence and have students debate whether other life forms even exist.Read the Top 10 Reasons for Going into Space and have students write a top 10 essay about what they learned about space.Learn about space-related events coming up on the space calendar.View the shuttle countdown site where you can learn how the countdown operates and view live coverage.Get a 3D look of the solar system.Create a timeline of space firsts.Build an air-powered bottl e rocket. Build an edible space shuttle out of peanut butter, celery, and bread.Give an astronomy and/or space quiz.Watch NASA TV.Learn about NASA Acronyms.Read nonfiction space books about NASA space exploration, and the history.Browse pictures of animals in space.Watch age appropriate movies about space.Compare women astronauts with men astronauts.Learn how astronauts go to the bathroom in space (students will sure get a kick out of this one).Watch Apollo videos and have students create a KWL chart.Have students complete an activity book about space.Build a bubbled power rocket.Build a moon habitat.Make moon cookies.Launch a rocket from a spinning planet.Make asteroids students can eat.Place space toys and materials in your learning center for hands-on fun.Go on a field trip to a place like the US Space and Rocket Center.Write a letter to a space scientist asking him space-related questions.Compare Yuri Gagarins space mission with that of Alan Shepard.View the first photograph from space.Vie w a timeline of the first mission to space. View an interactive expedition of the first mission to space.View an interactive recreation of the Apollo space shuttle.Explore a journey into space with this Scholastic interactive game.View solar system trading cards.Make a comet with dry ice, garbage bags, hammer, gloves, ice-cream sticks, sand or dirt, ammonia, and corn syrup.Have students design and build their own spaceship.Print out this space quiz and test your students knowledge.Brainstorm what living on the moon would be like. Have students design and build their own colony.Find out when a spacecraft will be flying over your city.Find out what it took to have a man be able to walk on the moon.Learn about gravity and the fundamentalists of physics.A kids website dedicated to teaching students about the wonders of space. Additional Space Resources For further information on space choose a few of these kid-friendly websites to visit: Astronomy for Kids:à Learn about the moon, planets, asteroids, and comets through interactive games and activities.Space Kids:à View videos, experiments, projects, and more.NASA Kids Club:à Space-related fun and games for kids.ESA Kids:à Interactive site to learn about the universe and life in space.Cosmos 4 Kids:à Astronomy basics and science of the stars. kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-20087309265114252352020-03-06T23:30:00.001-08:002020-03-06T23:30:03.901-08:00Fire Prevention EssaysFire Prevention Essays Fire Prevention Essay Fire Prevention Essay Essay Topic: To Build a Fire Fire Prevention Name Institution Date : Fire Prevention For purposes of this study, I chose to analyze the article ââ¬ËFire Safety Handbook for Apartment Managersââ¬â¢ by the Seattle Fire Dept. This article attempts to outline fire safety and prevention measures regarding fire tragedies that occur in apartments and residential settings. According to the article, Fires in residential buildings are most prevalent because the dense nature of these buildings that allow heat, smoke, and fire. Fire is common accident and in most cases cannot be anticipated. In case this tragedy strikes, response should involve fast action and quick decisions (Seattle Fire Department, 2010). Being prepared in such cases can save lives and property. For purposes of preventing fires, the Seattle and Washington state laws designed regulations for fire safety on multi-residential housing. This publication was established to endow property managers with the necessary knowledge regarding fire tragedies and their prevention. The publication by the Seattle and Washington state provides information about fire safety and prevention for staff and tenants. The publication also highlights recommendations for the development of procedures in case of a fire emergency. In a year, the fire department in Seattle responds to about 150 fire emergencies that occur in multi-residential houses. The article endeavored to investigate the reports in most of these fires, establish the common causes of these fires, and design relevant prevention measures. Upon analyzing this article, I was able to establish that it is in agreement with the material I study in my course. According to my study course, I am able to understand that cooking accidents are the main cause of fires in the United States. According to the article, Seattle in particular registers more fires resulting from cooking than any other cause. More than a third of fire accidents in multi-residential buildings are caused by cooking errors. In this case, most of the fires resulted from unattended food in the kitchen. Prevention of these fires should then involve more responsibility when cooking and proper maintenance of cooking apparatus (Seattle Fire Department, 2010). Additionally, the article outlined heating apparatus as the second factor that causes most fire accidents in America. The winter months in particular record the most usage of heating devices. While the use of these devices is imminent, the article stresses due care when using them and ensuring that they are safe to use. Additionally, the article report also outlined smoking as another major cause for fires. These fires as mostly caused by leaving cigarette unattended or near chairs and sofas (Slater and Smith, 2009). However, other than highlighting responsibility as a factor for preventing fires caused by cigarettes and heating devices, I think that the article should have included smoke alarms as a means preventing these fires. These devices would help detect fires in their early stage and hence stop them before they spread. Conclusively, fires occurring in residential buildings are the most common in the United States registering a remarkable 52 percent. The article by the Seattle Fire Department endeavors to investigate residential building fires, and in particular, those in Seattle. My thoughts on this article and its relation to my course study maintain that the most effective way preventing fires involves identifying and removing fire hazards. Some of these preventive measures involve exercising more responsibility when performing household activities such as cooking and using heating devices. Ultimately, I was able to establish that the article complements my course study apart from majoring only in household fires. References Seattle Fire Department. (2010). Fire Safety Handbook for Apartment Managers. Seattle: Scholastic Press. Slater, T., Smith, J. (2009). Fire prevention. New York, NY: Scholastic. kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-84195974270506387242020-02-19T14:55:00.001-08:002020-02-19T14:55:02.204-08:00Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4Education - Essay Example These days, students are treated with kid gloves in an effort to make them feel better about themselves and not harm their young psyche. However, by misleading students into believing that they can accomplish anything they want to and that simply trying is good enough, we are raising a generation of prideful students who think that they do not need to try harder to be better than the next guy in order to succeed in life. They have become a ââ¬Å"pridefulâ⬠generation without really having anything to take pride in. That is the argument of Thomas Benton in his article ââ¬Å"the Seven Deadly Sins of Studentsâ⬠, and that is the main focus of this argumentative paper. I will also focus on how the Peter Thiel Fellowship helps to make matters worse for our prideful students because it encourages them to forgo the regular college route in exchange for instant gratification of their ideas. Peter Thiel, the man after whom the grant is named is described as; ââ¬Å"... the Silicon Valley investor who believes more young people should be chasing breakthrough technologies instead of wasting their time and money in college. ââ¬Å" (Miller, Claire ââ¬Å"Drop Out , Start Upâ⬠). ... Out of this pride -- nurtured by the purveyors of unearned self-esteem, personal grievance, dumbed-down courses, and inflated grades (often in the guise of liberality) -- the opportunity to earn an education is squandered by prideful students who can make a potential heaven seem like hell. The students of today take pride in being able to ââ¬Å"achieveâ⬠without really doing the work. Although there is some good to be said of positive encouragement, the fact that this type of encouragement has taken over the educational system leaves one wondering as to the direction that these students will actually have in their lives. After all, there is nothing worse than being rewarded for mediocrity. Let us also not forget that long known saying ââ¬Å"A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.â⬠It is that little knowledge that these students possess that people such as Peter Thiel exploit for all the wrong reasons. Thiel believes that students should not waste their time languishing in college and spending college money that their parents most likely do not have when they can actually be pursuing their dreams and working on turning it into a reality. That is the precise reason that he created the Thiel Fellowship Grant. He caters to the need for instant gratification of the prideful students, forgetting the fact that these are still young people barely out of their teens and without the proper training nor guidance to succeed in their adult endeavors in their current status. That ripening of their minds and ability to manage their lives and professional careers comes with the completion of a college degree. However, Claire Miller (Miller, Claire ââ¬Å"Drop Out , Start Upâ⬠) explains that these kids do not understand what they kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-35764664483630165682020-02-04T09:47:00.001-08:002020-02-04T09:47:03.445-08:00Theoretical concepts of accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsTheoretical concepts of accounting - Essay Example Proponents of free market approach have also supported a wait and see approach in relation to economic and financial changes taking place all over the world. In fact, the free market proponents reject the idea of intervention by governments for the sake of adjusting the distracted economy, and have based their arguments on the claim that demand and supply forces interact to ultimately bring stability in the distracted economic conditions (Deegan and Unerman; Rankin, Stanton and McGowan). However, malpractices of those charged with the governance and misuse of authority often overrun the expected balances to be attained in a free market model through demand and supply interaction (Deegan and Unerman; Rankin, Stanton and McGowan). One of the most relevant and quotable example in this regard can be of the Enron Scandal, which obviously had nothing to do with the free market model and demand and supply forces, but government intervention to safeguard the interests of general public throu gh Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) was deemed appropriate (Deegan and Unerman; Rankin, Stanton and McGowan).... , under free market approach, shall be opted to enhance the role of market forces and when needed, government intervention, whether in the form of accounting regulations or other regulatory frameworks shall be introduced to ensure that no deviation from the objective of benefiting society and corporate entities takes place (Deegan and Unerman; Rankin, Stanton and McGowan). Certainly, after the recent experiences of financial crisis and the increasing debate regarding the lack of ethical practices towards corporate governance and corporate social responsibility, the need to bring regulatory measures have been felt as never before (Deegan and Unerman; Rankin, Stanton and McGowan). Before going into the details of differences between the assumptions underlying the capital market research and behavioural research, it is pertinent to understand what capital market research and behavioural research implies (Deegan and Unerman; Rankin, Stanton and McGowan). The capital market research evalu ates the overall impact of financial reporting on investors only; whereas behavioural research takes into consideration the responses towards financial reporting by separate individuals, which is reflected by the decisions made by different users of financial statements. The assumptions for each of the research type are based on the nature of these researches (Deegan and Unerman; Rankin, Stanton and McGowan). As for instance, under capital market research it is assumed that investors are the most important stakeholders who take into consideration the financial reporting by business entities to base their decisions upon them. On the other hand, the assumptions used under behavioural research are entirely contrasting to the capital market research, as it is assumed that every stakeholder, kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-81551824861064683932020-01-27T06:11:00.001-08:002020-01-27T06:11:06.146-08:00SABMiller Company AnalysisSABMiller Company Analysis Contents (Jump to) Mission and Philosophy of SABMiller Market Analysis of SABMiller SWOT Analysis of SABMiller SABMiller Ansoff Matrix Marketing Entry Strategy of SABMiller SABMiller Foreign Direct Investment Advantages and Disadvantages of Joint Ventures Introduction SABMiller the globally active company is world second largest brewery company in the world. SABMiller hab been built through a bold yet focused programme of international development .The company head quarter is in London although it was formed in south Africa in 1895. Its brands include grolsch, miller genuine draft, peroni nastro azzurro and pilsner urquell. Today SABMiller holds 98 percent share of its beer market. It operates seven brewery in Africa with 14 brands of beer. The company maintain the measure presence in south Africa soft drink market through a 74 interest in Amalgamated beverages industries ltd, largest distributor for coca-cola products it also own 30 percent of the stake of distell group ltd the leading distributors of wine and sprits of south Africa. In 1994 as joint venture of government of Tanzania SAB invited to revatilized the government industry in Tanzania which was one of the first foreign investments. Expansion continued to Africa and other continent china, Romania, Poland, slovakia, Russia , the Czech republic , Indian and central America(2001) Mission, philosophy: SABMiller mission is to expand its market all over the world by nurturing local and international beer brand that are the first choice of the customer and become the number one brewery company in the world: To work and win in a group To create a balanced attractive global spread business Developing relevant strong brand portfolios. Raising the profitability of local business sustainably. Market characteristics: SABMiller distributes its brewery in over 60 countries across 6 continents which includes the international brands beer such as pilsner urquell , peroni nastro azzuro , miller lite , snow and tyskie. These are in the worlds top 50 brands in beer . As it is a biggest franchise bottler distributor of coca cola product including fanta , sprite. Appletiser and minute maid . it operates 41 bottling plants which is responsible for producing 5 billion litres of soft drinks per annum. SABMiller has grown from its origin south African base into global company with operation in developed market and in emergining economies such as eastern Europe china and india. In southafrica SAB ltd is the country largest producer of product coca cola company with its brand castle lager, grolsch, castle milk stout . hansa marzen gold, hansa pilsener, carling black level , castle lite, redds, skelters, brutal fruit, blakes and doyle and sarita. Company brewery operations in Africa span 31 countries. The group national brand in china , snow, is produce in partnership with china resources enterprise ltd. SABMiller has a joint venture in Vietnam and Australia and it is the second largest brewery company in India. It has the foster brand in India and Vietnamese market. In 1995 SABMiller entered into the Europe market with the acquisition of Dreher in Hungary. SABMiller was the first internation brewery to enter central America with the acquisition of Cerveceria Hondurena in Honduras. Si nce then it has extended its latin American operation in other six countries including Colombia, Peru, EI Salvador and panama. Performance: Between 1855 and 1888 the company annual productivity increased from 300 barrels to 80,000 barrels of beer. This growth continued to the present day. Its true home country south Africa where south African breweries limited was founded today holds 98 percent impressive share of its beer market. Although the underlying skills are same SABMiller intend to win activity differ from market to market. International marketing planning: Marketing planning is recognized to play a central role in anà enterprise. The rapid growth and dynamics changes in international business over the past numerous years have made international marketing of unprecedented. SABMiller has an incredible assortment of over 200 brands , including both globally recognised premium beers. By extending the potential of local brands, developing innovative new brands and by introducing international brands into new markets company ensure that their brands are the first choice for consumers worldwide. SABMiller offers marketing carriers across a wide series of opportunities at every level, including brand management, advance, brand communications, market development, consumer insights, market research, trade and group marketing. Their marketing seeks to support their brands to consumer it does not promotes the consumption of alcohol . alcohol marketing is the most regulated form of advertising in the world . Internal and external analysis With a leading market in central Europe, Asia , Africa, north and central America, Africa and south Africa its is known as major global player in beverage industry. Internal and external analysis can identify the company strength and weakness. Swot analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats involve in project or in business. The aim of any swot analysis is to identify the key internal and external factors. We use swot analysis tools to recognize a distinct strength and diversification of company. These are the areas where the company excels in comparison to other company or competitors. An internal weakness for miller breweing company is the worsening image of two of its major labels miller high life and millers lite beer. The company has recently instituted the new ad campaign targeted at consumer of its lite beer which can help lessen this threat. . According to a press release from the companys web page, dated May 2, 2003, We are committed to helping prevent drunk driving and share a commitment with local law enforcement and our festival partners to help keep our community safer, said Bob Bailey, General Manager of the local Miller distributor, in Atlanta Georgia. (http://www.millerbrewing.com/pressRoom/newReleasesDetails.asp?ideanumber=74) (S) Company resources, name recognition and diversification is one of the distinctive strength of the company. (W) strong competition is a weakness (O) the company can make opportunities by emerging market, by increasing the presenceon internet, by focusing on ethnic target markets and by increasing its advertise. (T) changing consumer trends, increased advertise from competitors, government taxation, lower priced imports these are the main threats of company. SWOT Analysis of SABMiller (S)trengths Strong image of brand Compete in volume compared to Coors Lite Beer taste International existence Combine services with government rules and policy Environmentally conscious Strong marketing efforts for Lite Beer. Increased occurrence on the internet (O)pportunities Growing markets in Europe Emerging markets in Central Asia Rising market in U.S. with ethnic groups Capability to purchase smaller breweries Overseas investment Increased advertising funds (W)eaknesses Weak brand qualities over time lack of advertising spotlight and regularity Not seen as high quality want for dark beer line Taste known as inferior to Budweiser Seen as a group producer Not connected with famous people Products not much differentiate from main competitors Small advertising budget compared to Anheuser-Busch Loss of brand consistency with Miller High-Life label Undifferentiated products, as compared to close opponent (T)hreats Government taxation increases Government rules and regulations added Growth by nearby contestants Lower priced introduce and local products Increase in rivalry from other beverages (e.g. water, fruit juices, etc) Changing buyer favourite Price wars from contestants Goals and objectives SABMiller is second largest brewery company in the world. As it is the second largest company and operates in many part of the world including asia, Africa Europe latin America and central America. But still it have to extend its market in some other countries . I want to pursue similar operating strategies that have succeded in other country Marketing Strategy (ANSOFF) ANSOFF product market is a marketing tool created by Igore Ansoff matrix provide four different growth strategies market penetration, market development, product development and diversification. Market penetration : the company entering with its current product to increase its market share is a market penetration. By advertising or by convincing current consumer or clients to use more of the products or service is the way to achieve this and it can be least risky for company to grow its market. Product development: The new product is marketed out to their existing customer by developing and innovating new products offering to replace existing ones . As product is new it can carry more risk than simply attempting to increase market share. Market development: If the company or the firms is expanding its product to different customers to earn more revenue for the firms this is marketing development. The best example for this is lucozated which was first marketed for sick children but later rebranded to target athletics. Diversification: it requires both product and market development and can be outside the core competency hence it is the most risky of the growth strategy. Market analysis The world is divided into 100 of sovereign nations and each nation have a potential market for products of international firms. Marketing analysis concerns with two different task considering the size of existing markets and forecasting the size of future markets. Before entering into a new market we should study the several factors like customs, tastes, the trade restriction, collecton of national statistics. Taking SABMiller to a new market involves the marketing analysis of the particular place or the chosen country. SABMiller has operated its product in some asian market including china, India, Vietnam Australia. As an international marketing manager I would like to expand my company in some asian countries. Among asian countries Im going to focus on four Asian countries, among these Im going to choose one for the future venture of my company: Nepal India Pakistan Korea 1) Nepal: Nepal is a small developing country situated between two leading countries china and india with an area 147181 sq. km and it has 30 million population. Pest analysis for Nepal Political(p): until 1990 Nepal was running under monarchy. Since from last two decades it has several political changes. The political stability of Nepal is not strong so it keeps on changing in every short period of time . due to which it has its direct impact on country GDP and other part. Economic(E): Nepal is an agriculture country 80% people depends on agriculture . economic development in social service has not made dramatic progress. young and educate people migrate to other countries in search of jobs and employment. it is a Hindu country. About 80% of the people follow Hinduism . According to Hindu religion people they dont drink alcohol. According to social belief and behaviours people they dont drink and allow alcohol in their social life. Technological: IT a poor developing countries due to political instability and lack of skilled man power country lacks technology. 2) India: SABMiller enter in Indian market in july 2000 with acquisition of jv . and it has occupied 1/3 indian market share of beer . its already in india so I want to take my company to other part of the asia. 3) Pakistan: the estimated population of Pakistan is 170.6 million. Pakistan GDP is us$167 billions. Because of the unhappy consumer credit market, slow movement of civic sector programmes, security risk Pakistan economic growth faced a serious set back in 2009. shortage of energy and power do not let the boom entered into the industrial sector. Government is unable to make different and identify the developed and non developed budget. And the major problem of the Pakistan is security .so I cant extend my market over there for this reason. 4) South Korea South Korea has a republic government with power shared between president legislation and court. South korea has a good relation with many international foroms . the republic of korea maintains diplomatic relations with more thn 170 countries and broad a network of trading relationship .Is in 15th position in the world GDP rate. It is known as asian tiger. Since from 1960 south korea had one of the world fastest growing economies . its GDP rate is expanded by more than 8% in. from US$ 2.7 billion in 1962 to us$ 230 billion in 1989. Marketing Entry Strategy Marketing entry strategy is known as a plan method of delivering gods or services. It refers to establishing and managing contracts exporting and importing services. One can choose any country that you want to go into so that u can perform identification to undertake a general overview of potential new market. Business can be achieve by entering into a new market . Now there is a several method of entering into a new market . the decision of how u going to enter a foreign market can have a significant impact on results. Expansion into foreign market can be achieved by following 4 way Exporting : the word export comes from conceptual meaning as to ship the goods and services out of the country port.It is known as traditional way of reaching our goods to foreign market. This is a direct sales of domestic product goods in another country . direct export is frequently used to enter into a new market. It is made with an agreement with distributor or trading house for the purpose of selling the product into target market. Licensing: licensing permits a company in the target country to use the property of licensor which are usually intangible such as trademark, productions technique etc. for the rights to use the intangible property and possible for technical assistance one have to pay a fee in exchange . it allows the licenser to use make and sell products. Joint venture : it is similar to business partnership with two differences first with partnership generally involves ongoing long term business relationship where an equity based joint venture which compromise a single business activity and second partner have to agree to dissolve the partnership before it comes to an end. Joint venture can be form inside own country with different firms or it can also be formed between international firms. The reason for doing joint venture is to combine the strength or to by pass legal restriction. Foreign Direct Investment: foreign direct investment is known as long term participation by one country into another country, means which function outside the domestic territory of investor. It requires a business relationship and it also helps to give rise to multinational corporations. FDI can be classified into two different types outward FDI and inward FDI. An outward FDIs is subject to tax incentives disincentives of various forms. Different economic factors like loan, tax break, subsides are inwards FDIs factors. 3.1) country profile (introduction) By analysing the situation of above 4 country that I mention. I came to the conclusion that to extend my company brand in south korea. In the past several decades the republic of korea has received notable high economic growth . the geological area of korea is 98,480 sq. km with total population 48,636,068. Korean population is one of the most ethnically and inquistically homogenous in the world language . Since from the partition in 1948 korea has developed into Asias prosperous country. Government sponsored schemes encouraged the growth of family owned industrial . the current economy of the south korea is the third largest in Asia. South korea industrial and manufacturer base include computers and computer peripheral, auto mobiles , steel production etc. 3.2) alternative entry method As it is the world second largest brewery company measured by income. I am going to enter into a Korean market by its famous brand miller Lite. About miller lite its early production was 12.8 million barrels which which quickly increased to 24.2 millions barrel by 1977. in 1991 lite beer became the biggest domestic beer in America. Under miller lite brand the company is going to produce three craft beers an amber, ablonde ale and a wheat. It contains glycol alginate, water , barley malt, corn, syrup, chemically modified hops extracts, yeast, amyloglucosidase, carbondioxide, papain enzyme, liquid sugar, potassium, metabisulfile and emka malta. Method to enter : joint venture I m going to enter into the Korean beer market by joint venture . with the help of one of the local firm I m gong to enter with my miller lite brand. This makes me easier to enter into the new market with low risk in my business. It helps to access me to local borrowing power and resources through participation of national partner. Advantages of Joint Ventures Offers opportunities to the company to get new abilities Helps to enter into a new geological market and helps to achieve new technological information Joint venture also makes low risk by sharing by sharing the economic risk with co venture In order to grow into the new market we need resources in the form of method technology and approach, it open the enue for such needs. Offers a creative way for company to exit from non core corporation Disadvantages of Joint Ventures It can take a long time or attempt to built a relationship or partnering a right partner Different culture and management way can bring poor result Co venture or partners dont offer enough leadership Can be imbalance in levels of expertise Have to agree in lot of things and these can cause this venture fall apart The profit made by you will be shared Task 4: Implementation (4Ps of marketing) The marketing decision is generally controlled by 4 categories: product, price, place, promotion. Product: if u going to do business you have to produce a product that the people going to buy. People in korea are fond of different drinks. I m going to take by brand miller lite in korea market. It has won the best world beer cup gold medal for best American style light lager in 1996, 1998, 2002 and in 2006. Price: the price must be high enough to cover the cost but it doesnt mean that it should be really high. The price of this product will be in favour to all category people so that they can enjoy its taste . Place: it will be the first market entry in Korean brewery . I want to place my product in every public place where they can enjoy and have a fun like restaurant, bar , local shops, store etc. so that I can take focus from the customer. Promotions: customer have to be made aware of the product. So I m going to advertise my product in television, papers, internet, leaflets etc so that i can make more space in he market share. Conclusion: people in the society wants different product with new taste . People of the todays world are more conscious about product brand this shows that people are conscious about their choice , health and money. All this observation shows that SABMiller extending in new market is very profitable and helps to know its products brand world wide. kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-25120679881729102332020-01-19T02:35:00.001-08:002020-01-19T02:35:03.412-08:00Film techniques EssayHuman kind has always displayed a desire, within their literature, to engross themselves on a journey of self reflection. However often these journeys can also be negatively forced upon a character. Skrzynecki, in his text ââ¬ËImmigrants at central stationââ¬â¢ explores how forced journeys have dehumanised and isolated his family on their journey of migration. However, in ââ¬â¢10 Mary streetââ¬â¢ Skrzynecki focuses on positive outcomes of journeys that him and his family have taken on their own. Furthermore ââ¬ËGirl, interruptedââ¬â¢, the 1999 movie directed by James Mangold, Outlines the segregation and inequality of forced journeys whilst also looking at journeys with positive outcomes of self enlightenment that were chosen to be taken. People who are forced upon a journey may feel isolated and disempowered. Skrzynecki explores this in ââ¬Ëimmigrants at central stationââ¬â¢ through detailing the apprehension felt by migrants whilst waiting for a train in central station, Sydney. In the first line of the poem ââ¬Å"it was sad to hearâ⬠Skrzynecki has already established a sombre using the highly descriptive word ââ¬Ësadââ¬â¢. Similarly in the line ââ¬Ëa dampness that slowly sank into our thoughtsââ¬â¢ He continues this negativity through the sensual imagery of ââ¬Ëdampnessââ¬â¢ and the depressive symbolism of ââ¬Ësank into our thoughtsââ¬â¢. Skrzynecki also uses the simile ââ¬Ëlike cattle bought for slaughterââ¬â¢ to link to the negativity shown in stanza 1, he also creates a sense of entrapment, dehumanising the migrants and reducing them to livestock. Skrzynecki uses repetition of the first line with the introduction of a conjunction at the beginning ââ¬Ëbut it was sad to hearââ¬â¢. Doing so allows him to refer back to the first stanza and stress the sombre tone while the conjunction allows Skrzynecki to juxtapose the poem against the last two paragraphs bringing the audienceââ¬â¢s attention to the suddenness of the arrival of the train. Paragraph 2 (negative) yet to be analysed Alternatively people can immerse themselves on journeys of self-reflection and self discovery, leading to a sense of empowerment and happiness. Skrzynecki in ââ¬Ë10 Mary Streetââ¬â¢ details a positive outcome of a chosen journey through the story of his family in their home on Mary Street. The line ââ¬ËMy parents watered plantsâ⬠¦ like adopted childrenââ¬â¢ uses accumulation to display the journey that the parents have taken to lovingly care for their plants kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-1199720464034297862020-01-10T22:57:00.001-08:002020-01-10T22:57:03.751-08:00Hazards to food safety EssayCollege of Hospitality Management FOOD SAFETY & SANITATION ââ¬â HFOODS Lesson 2: HAZARDS TO Food Safety General Symptoms of Foodborne Illness ââ¬â Headache- Abdominal Pain ââ¬â Nausea- Diarrhea ââ¬â Vomiting- Fatigue ââ¬â Dehydration- Fever When a living, disease-causing microorganism is eaten along with a food, it can cause a foodborne infection. After ingestion, the organism burrows into the lining of the victimââ¬â¢s digestive tract and begins to grow in number. This can lead to the common symptoms of FBI like diarrhea. A common type of foodborne infection is salmonellosis. The disease is caused by Salmonella bacteria that are frequently found in poultry and eggs. CLASSIFICATION OF FOODBORNE ILLNESS 1. Infection Caused by eating food that contains living disease causing microorganism. Ex. Bacteria, virus, parasites / grows inside the body and stomach FBI: Salmonella bacteria that are frequently found in poultry and eggs. 2. Intoxication Caused by eating foods that contains harmful chemical or toxin produced chemical waste or toxin. If the food containing the toxin is eaten, the toxin causes an illness. Ex. Food Poisoning, common examples of food intoxication are Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus aureus. Intoxication may also occur when an e person consumes food that contains man-made chemicals such as cleaning agents or pesticides. 3. Toxin-mediated infection Caused by eating food that contains harmful microorganisms that will produce a toxin once inside the human body. (as in the case of an infection) Aà toxin-mediated infection is different from intoxication because the toxin is produced inside the body. An example of an organism that causes this type of illness is Clostridium Perfingens. On set time Is the number of hours between the time a person eats contaminated food and when they first show symptoms of the disease. Individual onsets vary depending on factors such as age, health status, body weight and the amount of contaminant ingested with the food. FOODBORNE HAZARDS Refers to a biological, chemical or physical hazard that can cause illness or injury when consumed along with the food. Biological Hazards Include bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. These organisms are very small and can only be seen with the aid of a microscope. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that require food, moisture and warmth to multiply. Chemical Hazards Are toxic substances that may occur naturally or may be added during the processing of food. Ex. Include agricultural chemicals (pesticides, fertilizers, antibiotics), cleaning compounds, heavy metals (lead mercury), food additives, and food allergens. Chemicals and other non-food items should never be placed near food items. Physical Hazards Are hard or soft foreign objects in food that can cause illness and injury. They include items such as fragments of glass, metal, unfrilled toothpicks, jewelry, adhesive bandages and human hair. These hazards result from accidental contamination and poor handling practices at many points. BACTERIA Are one of the most important biological foodborne hazards for any food establishment. Bacteria are reported in more cases of FBI than any hazards. All bacteria exist in a vegetative state. Vegetative cells grow, reproduce,à and produce waste just like other living organism. Some bacteria have the ability to form spore. Spores help bacteria survive when their environment is too hot, cold, dry, acidic or when there is not enough food. Spores are not able to grow or reproduce. CLASSIFICATIONS OF BACTERIA Spoilage Bacteria Degrade (break down) foods so that they look, taste and smell bad. They reduce the quality of food to unacceptable levels. Pathogenic Bacteria Are disease-causing microorganisms that can make people ill if they or their toxins are consumed with food. Bacterial Growth ââ¬â the reproduction of bacteria and an increase in the number of organisms. Binary Fusion ââ¬â a process which bacteria reproduce when one bacterial cell divides to form new cells. SIX CONDITIONS BACTERIA NEED TO MULTIPLY (F-A-T-T-O-M) 1. Food ââ¬â High in protein and Carbohydrates 2. Acid ââ¬â Mildly acid environment of pH of 4.6 ââ¬â 7.0 3. Temperature ââ¬â between 41oF (5oC) and 135 oF (57oc) 4. Time ââ¬â four hours 5. Oxygen ââ¬â depending on the type of bacteria (with Oxygen or without 0 or both) 6. Moisture ââ¬â Water activity greater than 0.85 FOUR PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH (Lag ââ¬â Log ââ¬â Stationary ââ¬â Decline) 1. Lag Phase ââ¬â in which the bacteria exhibit little or no growth. The bacteria adjust to their surroundings during this phase. The lag phase last only a few hours at room temperature. 2. Log Phase ââ¬â bacteria growth is very rapid during this phase with bacteria doubling in numbers every few minutes. Keeping bacteria from reaching the log phase of growth is critical for food safety 3. Stationary Phase ââ¬â the number of new bacteria being produced equals the number of organisms that are dying off during this phase. The bacteria have made up much of the space, nutrients and moisture in the food by this phase. 4. Decline Phase ââ¬â in here bacteria die off rapidly because they lack nutrients and are poisoned by their own toxic waste. SIX CONDITIONS BACTERIA 1. Source of FOOD Most bacteria prefer foods that are high in protein or carbohydrates like meats, poultry, seafoodââ¬â¢s, dairy products and cooked rice, beans and potatoes.(Microbes eat the same food we do) 2. ACIDITY ââ¬â the pH symbol is used to designate the activity of alkalinity of food. You measure pH on a scale that ranges from 0 to 14. Most foods are acidic and have a pH less than 7.0. Very acid foods (pH below 4.6), like lemons, limes and tomatoes, will not normally support the growth of disease-causing bacteria. Pickling fruits and vegetables preserve the food by adding acids such as vinegar. This lowers the pH of the food in order to slow down the rate of bacterial growth. A pH above 7.0 indicates the food is alkaline. Examples of alkaline foods are olives, egg whites, or soda crackers. Most bacteria prefer a neutral environment (pH of 7.0) but are capable of growing in foods that have a pH in the range of 4.6 to 9.0. Since most foods have pH of less than 7.0, we have identified the range where harmful bacteria grow; from 4.6 to 7.0. Many foods offered for sale in food establishment have a pH in this range. 3. TEMPERATURE ââ¬â commonly measured in degree Fahrenheit denoted as oF), degrees Celsius (denoted as oC), or both. Psychrophilic Bacteria ââ¬â grow with a temperature range of 32 oF (0oC) to 70 oF (21oC). They can survive at refrigerated and room temperature. Mesophilic Bacteria ââ¬â (Middle Range) grow at temperatures between 70oC (21oC) & 110oF (43oC) with most rapid growth at human body temperature (98.6 OF, 37oC). Thermophilic Bacteria ââ¬â grow best at temperatures above 110oF (43oC). All Thermophilic bacteria are spoilage organism Temperature Danger Zone Most disease causing bacteria can grow within a temperature range 41oF (5oC) to 139oF (60oC). Time and Temperature are the most critical factors affecting the growth of bacteria in foods. ââ¬Å"Keep it hot, keep it cold or donââ¬â¢t keep it!â⬠(Hot 135oF ââ¬â Cold 41oF) Temperature Abuse ââ¬â is the term applied to foods that have not been heated to safe temperature or kept at the proper temperature. This could result in a foodborne illness. 4. Time ââ¬â under ideal conditions, bacterial cells can double in number every 15 to 30 minutes. Clostridium Perfringens bacteria can double every 10 minutes. For most bacteria, a single cell can generate over one million cells in just five hours. Proper storage and handling of foods helps to prevent bacteria from multiplying. Bacteria need about four (4) hours to grow to high enough numbers to cause illness. ââ¬Å"In danger Zoneâ⬠5. Oxygen ââ¬â also differ in their requirements for oxygen. Aerobic Bacteria ââ¬â must have oxygen in order to grow Anaerobic Bacteria ââ¬â cannot survive when oxygen is present because it is toxic to them. Usually grow well in Vacuum packaged foods or canned goods) Facultative Anaerobic ââ¬â can grow with or without free oxygen but have a preference. -Controlling oxygen conditions may not be an effective way to prevent foodborne illness. 6. Moisture ââ¬â is an important factor in bacterial growth. Drying is the oldest and the best method to preserve food. Many foods are preserved by lowering their water activity to 0.85 below. Drying foods or adding salt and sugar reduces the amount of water. (frozen foods) Water Activity (Aw) Is a measure of the amount of water that is not bound to the food and is, therefore available for bacterial growth. Aw such as dairy products, poultry & eggs, meats, pasta, steamed rice etc. Below 0.85 Aw such as Dry noodles, dry rice, flour jam & jellies etc. POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS FOODS (PHF) Some types of foods have the ability to support the rapid and progressive growth of infectious and toxin-producing microorganism Usually: high in protein or carbohydrates / have a pH above 4.6 / have a water activity above 8.5. Common examples of PHF: Red meats Poultry Raw Shell Eggs Fish & Shellfish Dairy Products Others: Vegetables, Cooked rice or potatoes, refried beans & fruits such as cut cantaloupe. Must not be held at Temperature Danger Zone within 41oF (5oC) to 135oF (57oC) for 4 hours or more. Ready to Eat Foods ââ¬â foods are items that are edible without washing, cooking, or additional preparation by the consumer or by the food establishment. These foods can become contaminated if not handles properly. Examples of ready to eat foods that can be eaten immediately: Delicatessen items such as cheeses and luncheon meats Fruits and vegetables Salad items Hotdogs Hard-boiled eggs Foodborne Illness Caused by Bacteria Classified as Sporeforeming ââ¬â enable a cell to survive environmental stress such as cooking, freezing, drying & high salt. Non-Sporeforeming ââ¬â easily destroyed by proper cooking Spores are not harmful if ingested, except in a babyââ¬â¢s digestive system. If a spore turns into a vegetative cell, the vegetative cell can grow in the food and cause illness if eaten. Sporeforeming bacteria found in foods grown in soil like: Vegetables / Spices / Animal Products. BRIEF PROFILE OF COMMON PATHOGENIC BACTERIA CAUSATIVE AGENT TYPE OF ILLNESS SYMPTOMS ONSET COMMON FOODS PREVENTION BACILLUS CEREUS-Sporeforming bacterium that can survive with or without oxygen. Bacterial intoxication or toxin mediated infection Diarrhea type: abdominal cramps (8-16 hrs) Vomiting type:vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps(30 min.-6hrs.) Diarrhea type: meats, milk, vegetable Vomiting type:rice, starchy foods, grains, cereals Properly heat, cool, and reheat foods CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS-is a nearly anaerobic.(must have very little oxygen) Bacterial toxin-mediated infection Intense sbdominal pains and severe diarrhea, (8-22 hrs.) Spices, gravy, improperly cooled foods(especially mets and gravy dishes) Properly cook, cool, and reheat foods CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM-Is an anaerobic(must not have oxygen) Produces NEUROTOXIN-Which is one of the most deadliest biological toxins known to man. Bacterial intoxicationà Dizziness, double vision, difficulty in breathing and swallowing, headache (12-36 hrs.) Improperly canned foods, vacuum packed refrigerated foods;cooked foods in anaerobic mass. Properly heatprocess anaerobically packed foods; Do not use home canned foods. CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI- is a major cause of foodborne infection.It requires a very strict amount of air for growth.As microaerophile,it can tolerate 3-6% oxygen for growth Bacterial infection Watery, bloody diarrhea (2-5 days) Raw chicken, raw milk, raw meat Properly handle and cook foods; avoid cross contamination SHIGA TOXIN-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI- Anaerobic bacteria found in the intestines of warm blooded animals, especially cows. Bacterial infection or toxin mediated infection. Bloody diarrhea followed by kidney failure and haemolytic uremic syndrome(HUS) in severe cases,(12-72 hrs.) Undercooked hamburger, raw milk, unpasteurized apple cider, lettuce Practice good food sanitation, handwashing; properly handle and cook food LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES- is a facultative anaerobic(can grow with or without oxygen) This microbe has the ability to survive under many conditions such as high-salt foods and can grow at refrigerated temperatures (below 41F;5C) Bacterial Infection Healthy adult: flu like symptoms At risk population: septicaemia, meningitis, encephalitis, birth defects (1day-3 weeks) Raw milk, dairy items, raw meats, refrigerated ready-to-eat foods, processed read-to-eat meats such as hot dogs, raw vegetables and seafood Properly store and cook foods; avoid cross contamination; rotate processed refrigerated foods using FIFO to ensure timely use. SALMONELLA SPP.- Facultative anaerobic, found in the intestinal tract of humans and warm blooded animals. Bacterial infection Nausea, fever, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea (6-48 hrs.) Raw meats, raw poultry, eggs, milk, dairy products Properly cook foods; avoid cross contaminationà SHIGELLA SPP.- Facultative anaerobic, found in the intestines and feces of humans and warm blooded animals,The bacterium produces a toxin that reverses the absorption of water bach into the body. Bacterial Infection Bacillary dysentery, diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, dehydration, (1-7 days) Foods that are prepared with human contact: salads, raw vegetables, milk, dairy products, raw poultry, non-potable water, ready to eat meat Washà hands and practice good personal hygiene; properly cook foods STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS- Facultative anaerobic bacteria that produces a heat stable toxin as it grows on foods. Grow well when alone. Bacterial intoxication Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, headaches (2-6hrs.) Foods that are prepared with human contact, cooked or processed foods Wash hands and practice good personal hygiene. Cooking WILL NOT inactivate the toxin. VIBRIO SPP.- Vibrio cholera, parahaemolyticus, vulnificusâ⬠¦ all these three are very resistant to salt and are common in seafood Bacterial infection Headache, fever, chills, diarrhea,vomiting, severe electrolyte loss, gastroenteritis, (2-48 hrs) Raw or improperly cooked fish and shellfish Practice good sanitation; properly cook foods; avoid serving raw seafood FOODBORNE ILLNESS CAUSED BY VIRUSES CAUSATIVE AGENT TYPE OF ILLNESS SYMPTOMS ONSET COMMON FOODS PREVENTION HEPATITIS A- Foodborne virus that has been associated with many foodborne infections. It causes a liver disease called infectious hepatitis Viral infection Fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, swelling of the liver, jaundice (10-50 days) Foods that are prepared with human contact; contaminated water Wash hands and practice good personal hygiene; avoid raw seafood NORWALK VIRUS- another common foodborne virus that has been associated with many foodborne infections. Viral Infection Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, low grade fever; onset 24-48 hrs. Sewage contaminated water, contaminated salad ingredient, raw clams, oysters and infected food workers Use potable water; cook all shellfish; handle food properly, meet time, temperature guidelines for PHF ROTAVIRUS- Is a leading cause of severe diarrhea among infants and children Viral infection Diarrhea, vomiting, low grade fever;1-3 days onset; lasts 4-8 days Sewage contaminated water, contaminated salad ingredients, raw seafood Good personal hygiene and handwashing; Propr food handling practices FOODBORNE ILLNESS CAUSED BY PARASITES CAUSATIVE AGENT TYPE OF ILLNESS SYMPTOMS ONSET COMMON FOODS PREVENTION ANISAKIS SPP.- are nematodes(roundworms) associated with foodborne infection from fish. The worms are about1-1/2 inches long and a diameter of a human hair. Thay are beige, ivory, white, gray,brown,or pink. Other names for this parasite are ââ¬Å"cod wormâ⬠and ââ¬Å"herring wormâ⬠Parasite Infection Coughing, vomiting onset 1hour-2weeks Raw or undercooked seafood; especially bottom feeding fish Cook fish to the proper temperature throughout; freeze to meet FDA Food code specifications CYCLOSPORA CAYETANENSIS- is a parasite that has been reported much more frequently beginning in the 1990ââ¬â¢s Parasitic Infection Watery and explosive diarrhea, loss of appetite, bloating (1 week) Water, strawberries, raspberries and raw vegetables Good sanitation, reputable supplier CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM- Single cell microorganisms called protozoa. Found in water that has been contaminated with cow feces. Parasitic infection Severe watery diarrhea within 1 week of ingestion Contaminated water, food contaminated by infected food workers. Use potable water supply; practice good personal hygiene and handwashing GIARDIA LAMBLIA- Found in the feces of wild animals, domestic pets and infected persons Parasitic infection Diarrhea within 1 week of contact Contaminated water POTABLE WATER SUPPLY; good personal hygiene and handwashing TOXOPLASMA GANDII- Common in warm blooded animals including cats, rats, mice, pigs, cows, sheep, chickens, and birds Parasitic infection Mild cases of the disease involve swollen lymph glands, fever, headache, and muscle aches. Severe cases may result in damage to the eye or brain (10-13days) Raw meats, raw vegetables and fruit Good sanitation, reputable supplier and proper cooking. TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS- roundworm that causes parasitic infection Parasitic infection from a nematode wormà Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, muscle soreness (2-28 days) Primarily undercooked pork products and wild game meats( bear, walrus) Cook foods to the proper temperature throughout FOODBORNE ILLNESS CAUSED BY CHEMICALS Chemical hazards are usually classified as either naturally occurring or man-made chemicals. NATURALLY OCCURING CHEMICALS- include toxins that are produced by a biological organism. Allergens Ciguatoxin Mycotoxin Scombrotoxin Shellfish Toxin NATURALLY OCCURING CHEMICALS CAUSATIVE AGENT TYPE OF ILLNESS SYPMTOMS ONSET COMMON FOODS PREVENTION FOOD ALLERGENS- causes a personââ¬â¢s immune system to ââ¬Å"overreactâ⬠An allergic reaction usually involving the skin, mouth, digestive tract, or airways Skin- hives, rashes, and itching Mouth- swelling and itching of the lips and tongue Digestive tract- vomiting and diarrhea Airways- difficulty breathing, wheezing Foods that contain: milk, eggs, wheat, nuts, and peanuts, fish and shellfish Packaged and prepared foods must be properly labelled if they contain common food allergens so that sensitive people can avoid it CIGUATOXIN- The toxin is found in tiny, free swimming sea creatures called algae which live among certain coral reefs Fish toxin originating from toxic algae of tropical waters Vertigo, hot/ cold flashes, diarrhea, vomiting (15min- 24 hrs.) Marine finfish including grouper, barracuda, snapper, jack, mackerel, triggerfish, reef fish Purchase fish from a reputable supplier; cooking WILL NOT inactivate the toxin SCOMBROTOXIN- also called histamine poisoning, is caused by eating foods high in a chemical compound called histamine Seafood toxin originating from histamine producing bacteria Dizziness, burning feeling in the mouth, facial rash or hives, peppery taste in mouth, headache, itching, teary eyes, runny nose(1-30min) Tuna, mahi-mahi, bluefish, sardines, mackerel, anchovies, amberjack, abalone Purchase fish from a reputable supplier, store fish at low temperatures to prevent growth of histamine-producing bacteria; toxin is not inactivated by cooking SHELLFISH ROXINS:PSP, DSP, DAP, NSP- The toxins are produced by certain algae called dinoflagellates Intoxication Numbness of lips, tongue, arms, legs, neck; lack of muscle coordination (10-60 min) Contaminated mussels, clams, oysters, scallops Purchase from a reputable supplier MYCOTOXINS- Mycotic organisms or fungi are molds, yeasts, and mushrooms, some of which are capable of causing foodborne illness.Fungi are larger than bacteria. And they prefer foods that are high in sugar or starches Intoxication 1.Acute onset hemorrhage, fluid build up 2. Chronic onset cancer from small doses overtime Moldy grains, corn, corn products, peanuts, pecans, walnuts, and milk Purchase food from a reputable supplier; keep grains and nuts dry; and protect products from humidity ADDED MAN-MADE CHEMICALS MAN-MADE CHEMICALS- include substances that are added, intentionally or accidentally, to a food during processing. Cleaning solutions and sanitary supplies Food additives Pesticides- Leave residues on fruits and vegetables and can usually be removed by a vigorous washing procedure. Chemicals from containers or food-contact surfaces of inferior metal that are misused may lead to heavy-metal or inferior ââ¬âmetal poisoning (cadmium, copper, lead, galvanized metals, etc.) FOODBORNE ILLNESS CAUSED BY PHYSICAL HAZARDS PHYSICAL HAZARDS- Are foreign objects in food that can cause illness and injury Fragments of glasses Metal shavings Unfrilled Toothpicks Human hair And Jewellery Bandages Stones, rocks or wood particles Staple wires kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-56098299935842762542020-01-02T19:20:00.001-08:002020-01-02T19:20:04.454-08:00KOZLOWSKI Surname Meaning and Origin The Polish surname Kozlowski is generally considered to be a geographical surname, bestowed upon an individual originally from a place named Kozlow, Kozlowo, or something similar, from the root koziol, meaning he-goat. KozÃ
âowski is the 12th most common surname in Poland. KozÃ
âowska, theà feminine version of the surname, is the 12th most common surname among females. Surname Origin:à Polish Alternate Surname Spellings: KOZLOWSKI, KOZLOWICZ, KOZLOWICZ, KOZLOW, KOZLOW, KOZLOWSKA Where do People With the Surname KOZLOWSKI Live? According to WorldNames publicprofiler, individuals with the Kozlowski last name are found in the greatest numbers in Poland, followed by the United States, Australia and Germany The greatest concentration of individuals named Kozlowski are found in northern and central Poland, especially the voivodeships (provinces)à of Podlaski, Warminsko-Marzurskie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Mazowieckie and Wielkopolskie.à The Polish-specific surname distribution map onà moikrewni.pl calculates the population distribution of surnames down to the district level, identifying over 34,000 people with the Kozlowski surname living in Poland, with the majority found in Ã
à ³dÃ
º, followed by Bialystok, PoznaÃ
â, WrocÃ
âaw, GdaÃ
âsk, Bydgoszcz, Krakà ³w and Szczecin. Famous People With the Surname KOZLOWSKI Leon KozÃ
âowski: Polish archaeologist and politician; Prime Minister of Poland 1934ââ¬â1935Maciej Kozlowski: Polish actorGlen Kozlowski: former NFL wide receiver for the Chicago Bears Genealogy Resources for the Surname KOZLOWSKI Kozlowski Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Kozlowski surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Kozlowski surname query.FamilySearch - KOZLOWSKI Genealogy: Access over 144,000 free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Kozlowski surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.Polish Genealogy Databases Online: Search for information on Kozlowski ancestors in this collection of Polish genealogy databases and indexes from Poland, the United States and other countries. Resources and Further Reading Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia.à Bergenfield, NJ:à Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings.à Chicago:à Polish Genealogical Society, 1993.Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow.à Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-7993120196854058282019-12-25T15:47:00.001-08:002019-12-25T15:47:03.801-08:00The 30-Second Trick for Essay Samples for Scholarship ApplicationsThe 30-Second Trick for Essay Samples for Scholarship Applications It is possible to also become several discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Your orders will be carried out exactly as you desire. If you would like to make payments, we use efficient techniques to steer clear of downtimes. The procedure for ordering our services has been made simple by the usage of simple actions that are simple to follow along with. You might take a look at our essay outline template to lead you in the introduction of such document. This format must be maintained. 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A scholarship essay is a significant document that's used in the processes of scholarship application. Look at these measures to help you compose the ideal scholarship essay you possibly can! How to compose a Scholarship Essay Examples are supplied for insight on how best to write a scholarship essay. Students will need to adopt a distinctive approach to handle the theme. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. They need to mention their goals. kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-31286670787588891352019-12-17T11:37:00.001-08:002019-12-17T11:37:03.956-08:00Essay about Not a Magic Solution to School Problems Not a Magic Solution to School Problems School uniform policies are often referred to as a Band-Aid solution. They help hide more serious problems at the school by giving the school a nice look. Surveys of students and teachers show that in general people believe a well-dressed person is more intelligent and better behaved. Politicians like the look of school uniforms; many of them support this cause until the schools ask for more money. Uniforms are often implemented in schools that are overcrowded and have lower test scores. Many administrators think uniform create school pride; some even say that school pride increases test scores. There is a large amount of propaganda available about school uniforms; however, few articlesâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦All professionals wear uniforms; thus, people associate a uniform with authority and knowledge. Prodigy Online polled its users to find out how well the general public supports mandatory school uniforms. The results concluded a sixty-six percent support for school uniform s; thirty percent opposed uniforms (Collie). There are many reasons why people supported uniform policies. Some people like uniforms because they wore them as children. Others like uniforms because they create the appearance that everyone is from a privileged background. In inner city schools, students and non-students can easily be located. Before schools implement uniform policies, the cost to families must be considered. Generally parents like school uniforms because they are relatively inexpensive. Cost range from thirty dollars to 150 dollars each depending on quality and quantity. This cost appears very reasonable. Some school even offer to deter costs for the less fortunate families. The uniforms are made very durable, but most children outgrow the uniforms before they wear them out. The thirty-dollar uniforms include a shirt only; the most expensive include nice slacks and a button down shirt. Unlike private school uniforms, none of the public schools include jackets in the price of the uniforms. I donââ¬â¢t understand why schools would mandate shirts only for uniforms. All schools I know of that require uniforms require dark slacks and a white (or other school color) shirt. AShow MoreRelated The Connections Between Artificial Intelligence and Other Fields1724 Words à |à 7 Pagessimilar problems. The goal of this paper is to describe to the reader the impact that AI can create on seemingly unrelated fields. Introduction While Ginsberg defines artificial intelligence as the enterprise of constructing a physical-symbol system that can reliably pass the Turing test, it is about much more than that (Ginsberg 8). It is about creating a solution where one may not have existed, and eventually programming a machine to do the same. This incredible capacity to find solutions is whatRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : A Woman s Beauty Through Surgical Procedure1455 Words à |à 6 Pagesliposuction. Although cosmetic is marketed as safe by surgeons, it is unnecessary because it is not forever, it can become addicting, and there are many risks associated with it. 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The lack of attention to implementing and enforcing anti-bullying state laws, and funding anti-bullying school programs, is onlyRead MoreThe Feminist Literary Criticism : Women s Struggle Against Evil And Masculine Forces Essay1671 Words à |à 7 Pagesliterary criticism of today is the direct product of the womenââ¬â¢s moment of the 1960ââ¬â¢s. Even Before the womenââ¬â¢s moment, the thought and action of feminism possess in the classical traditional books. They had diagnosed the problem of womenââ¬â¢s inequality and tried for solutions through their writings. These books include Virginia Woolfââ¬â¢s fiction, Jane Austenââ¬â¢s novels and John Stuart Millââ¬â¢s feminist writings. The women moment in 1960 was basically a literary moment. It realized the significance of theRead MoreEssay On Software Management720 Words à |à 3 Pagesinclude design, development, implementation and maintenance. My career commenced as a firmware developer at Shrishti and I worked on a project for routing voice over IP. Success on this project bestowed my confidence to provide software solutions to real-life problems. Although I admired the job, but work at Shrishti was predominantly on the firmware development side therefore, decided to acquire advanced programming and software development skills hence joined CDAC, one of the prestigious institutes kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-17111861750110773482019-12-09T08:20:00.001-08:002019-12-09T08:20:03.394-08:00Negative Stereotypes of Asian Americans free essay sample Rising Against Negative Stereotypes of Asian Americans in Popular Culture That Developed Throughout History Negative stereotypes of Asians have been collectively internalized by societies, and were manifested by a societys popular culture, including the media, literature, theatre, and other creative expressions. Throughout Americas history, Asian Americans have been conceived, treated, and portrayed as perpetual foreigners; un-assimilating and inherently foreign regardless of citizenship or duration of residence in America. These negative stereotypical views developed to what can be described as ââ¬Å"the six faces of the orientalâ⬠which are the pollutant, the coolie, the deviant, the yellow peril, the model minority, and the gook (Lee, p. 8). Stereotypes like these have been preconceived overgeneralizations about a group, without regard to individual uniqueness. This is evident through numerous Supreme Court rulings, acts of legislature, and statements made in the nations media, such as Go back to China! (a familiar racist expression of xenophobia against Asian immigrants). The perceptions of Americans toward Asians in the media including characterizations of communication and social skills have drastically changed over the years. From the obvious negative stereotypes of the ââ¬Å"six faces of the orientalâ⬠that developed in the 1800ââ¬â¢s and early 1900ââ¬â¢s to the perceived ââ¬Å"positiveâ⬠stereotype (but still actually negative) that occurred in the 1960ââ¬â¢s to depict Asians as the ââ¬Å"model minority,â⬠the stereotypes never disappeared. These stereotypes placed on Asian Americans throughout history in popular culture were all negative, and today Asian Americans still experience these same negative racial stereotypes which we as Americans should strive to eliminate in order to grasp the idea of tolerance of Asian Americans in popular culture to create a less prejudiced society. The stereotypes of ââ¬Å"the six faces of the orientalâ⬠derived from their ancestors during the time of immigration in the 1800ââ¬â¢s and early 1900ââ¬â¢s all portray a negative view toward Asian Americans. When Asian immigrants first arrived in the United States, they were welcomed as cheap labor. But after the California gold rush brought a flood of Asian immigrants to California, the cheap Asian labor began to be seen as a threat. What began as neutral or amusing stereotypical caricatures of Asians soon took on more negative connotations. The Coolie stereotype originated with Chinese laborers in the 1850ââ¬â¢s as a way of preventing Chinese from entering the skilled trades. The lowest-paying unskilled jobs were called coolie labor or nigger work. The Yellow Peril or pollutant stereotype (referring to the ââ¬Å"White American fearâ⬠) began to take hold in the 1890ââ¬â¢s in California. Asians were viewed as alien and a threat to wage earners, and a movement began that had the goal of making California racially pure (Lee, p. 8). During this time, politicians and writers expressed numerous anti-Asian views, with headlines like The Yellow Peril' (Los Angeles Times, 1886) and Conference Endorses Chinese Exclusion (The New York Times, 1905). The Gook stereotype originated with the US Military during the Korean War as a generic term for Asians, and became more popular during the Vietnam War. A gook is an invisible and powerful enemy with superhuman endurance and ability to absorb punishment. The Model Minority stereotype originated in the 1950ââ¬â¢s as a representation of successful assimilation of Asians that was contrasted with the less successful assimilation of those who did not fit the standards. Although this may have been perceived as a positive stereotype, this, like all of the six faces of the oriental, was still a negative stereotype because those who did not meet the qualifications of the ââ¬Å"model minorityâ⬠were looked down upon and discriminated against. These different yet similar labels set upon Asian Americans during the course of history all demonstrate a negative view toward Asian Americans, which can be proved with the evidence found within their popular culture. These negative racial stereotypes of Asian Americans displayed within history can be revealed within Asian American popular culture through various songs, movies, and other types of media for amusement or as a way to classify Asian Americans as being the inferior race. The depictions of Asians in popular culture, specifically the movies, were portrayed as servants, laborers, and laundrymen. In the pre-war era, there was no American Asian actor portraying an Asian hero. Throughout the course of history Asians in film have been portrayed as ââ¬Å"evilâ⬠or the yellow peril. If Asians are not being classified as evil in this picture then they are most likely the comic relief, with their lack of coordination or grasp of the English language. With these common stereotypes in place, it gives a white American viewer a sense or need to destroy this Asian villain or superiority over the comedic character ortrayed in the film. The image of a kindly servant or detective, or a glamorous siren was ended when Pearl Harbor turned the Japanese into cruel and inhuman militarists. Now Japan was depicted as an enemy of unexampled ferocity and greed. ââ¬Å"Yellowbelliesâ⬠, ââ¬Å"yellow bastardsâ⬠, ââ¬Å"yellow monkeysâ⬠were all standard phrases (Lee, 159-160). In the many Pacific War movies the Japanese were depicted without morals and killers even of prisoners and the wounded, as well as women and children. The media, both informative and entertainment, made certain that the American public realized that ââ¬Å"the Japanese dared to challenge the dominant white establishment â⬠(Lee, 171). By depicting them so sadistically, the media made certain that the Japanese, in particular, would be looked upon as an inhuman, or as an uncivilized race. This had to do with the effects of the attacks of Pearl Harbor where, as a result, Japanese Americans were treated with hatred and racial prejudice. This was based on the idea that because the Japanese bombed America, all Japanese were seen as enemies that could not be trusted. This image persisted until after Hiroshima and Nagasaki felt the terror of an atomic bomb, and Japan surrendered. These stereotypes exposed in Asian American popular culture that reflected the stereotypes that derived from Asian American historical events were far from tolerable and should not have been acceptable then or now. The negative views of Asian Americans in popular culture unfortunately did not diminish over time, and although stereotypes changed to be more ââ¬Å"positiveâ⬠, these discriminatory labels can still be observed today in recent popular culture. Among the stereotypes about Asian Americans, the model minorityà stereotype might be the most pervasive and dominant one today. This developed during the 1960ââ¬â¢s when the Asian American resistance movement was beginning. Asian Americans were then proclaimed as a ââ¬Å"model minority for their academic excellence, affluence, strong work ethic, freedom from problems and crime, and family cohesion. They are typically represented as overachievers who are intelligent, industrious, technologically savvy, self-disciplined, self-sufficient, and law-abiding. Although this may seem like a good stereotype, a stereotype is still a stereotype, and this was still in fact negative because those who did not fit the ââ¬Å"model minorityâ⬠were looked down upon. This model minority stereotype can be seen in recent popular culture. Some examples are the characters portrayed by George Huangà in Law Order: SVU, Cristina Yangà in Greys Anatomy, and Archie Kaoà in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. These characters are portrayed in roles that emphasize attributes of higher education, intelligence, and professional work ethic. An Intel Centrino Ad, launched in 2005, also depicts the ââ¬Å"model minorityâ⬠stereotype. While marketing mobile technology, the ad campaign features well known celebrities like pro skateboarder Tony Hawk, actor John Cleese, singer Seal, and soccer player Michael Owen, but makes Lucy Liu (the personified laptop entertainment) the primary focus of the ad. It isà conceivable that Intel used her Asian image to attach associations of high quality and intelligence to the Intel product. Therefore it is evident that negative stereotypes are clearly visible in todayââ¬â¢s popular culture and reflect the negative stereotypes produced in earlier history. Although racial stereotypes are often camouflaged or rendered invisible, once produced as a category of social difference it is present everywhere in the social formation and deeply imbedded in the popular cultureâ⬠(Dave, Nishime, and Oren, p. 7) Once these stereotypes are produced, it can be said that they will remain within popular culture as time continues. This however, is very unfortunate and it is vital that as Ame ricans we rise against the negatively stereotyped Asian Americans and protest against popular culture that still exposes these stereotypes like the model minority. For Asian Americans, the United States has never been a place in which true assimilation and equality is possible as a result of prejudice and stereotypes. Asian Americans have come a long way from a history of discrimination and segregation that other racial minorities have also faced. The racial labels including the ââ¬Å"six faces of the orientalâ⬠, slurs, and fear of being an economic threat developed through popular culture during the 1800ââ¬â¢s and 1900ââ¬â¢s and still persist in current society. With these cultural representations already determined by the outside world, it has been increasingly more difficult for one to break such representation due to factors in society normalizing these representations with the use of the media in popular culture. Examining this issue in a historical perspective, a pattern is established in which Asians are continually being objectified into some negative label for white America. It is up to the current population of America to once and for all reak this pattern so that Asian Americans, as well as other races, can be observed in popular culture without being negatively stereotyped. We all must come together and protest by vocalizing against any forms of popular culture that negatively stereotype Asian Americans. Our founding fathers wanted to create a nation where ââ¬Å"all men are created equalâ⬠and it is only fair to any American to make them feel this statement to be true. Hopefully there will come a day when stereotypes will be diminished completely, and we can finally live in a country where all men are truly created equal. kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-73981187085665316402019-12-01T20:01:00.001-08:002019-12-01T20:01:03.672-08:00The Maya Civilisation (Central America) The Maya Civilization covered Northern Guatemala and bordering areas of Mexico, Belize and Honduras (Demarest 2004). Demarest (2004) adds that this empire covered the Petà ©n rainforest. ââ¬Å"Maya civilizationââ¬â¢s monuments displayed unrivalled success in astronomy, mathematics, calendrics and violent political historyâ⬠(Demarest 2004, p.35).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Maya Civilisation (Central America) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For that reason, it is one of the most powerful and widely studied ancient civilizations. Ancient Mayaââ¬â¢s success can be traced to a strong trade network, technological advances, strong leadership and valuable resources such as salt (Conrad 2006). On the other hand, its surprise collapse was associated with internal power struggles, climate change and poor socio-economic structures (Demarest 2004). This paper provides an insight into the Maya Civilisat ion. Suck (2008) states that the classic ancient Maya existed between 250 and 900 A. D. Therefore, this civilization lasted until the Spanish conquest of Central America. Maya Civilization was characterized by cities and states with palaces, temples and stone monuments (Suck 2008). In addition, these states were ruled by kings or lords who had divine powers. According to Demarest (2004), the ancient Maya had a complex civilization made up of millions of people. Astonishingly, this population was sustained for more than two thousand years. Demarest (2004) affirms that the Maya Civilization was located on the eastern part of the modern day Mesoamerica. Geographically, this area covers Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and parts of Honduras (Demarest 2004). For many years, Mexico and most parts of Central America interacted in trade, conquest and other things. These interactions led to the sharing of many features across a large geographical area. The confines of the Maya Civiliza tion are, thus, contentious since they changed with the movement of cultural behaviours and traditions. The ancient Maya accomplished impressive and compelling political, social and economic success. Extraordinary pre-conquest cities such as Tikal and Caracol attest to this success (Conrad 2006). A well developed and widespread commercial network between Mayan states is cited as one of the reasons for this success. Consequently, the ancient Maya had unrivalled trade networks. In addition, the civilization had made large strides in technological advances (Conrad 2006). For instance, farmers used raised fields and practiced extensive irrigation. Accordingly, these technologies increased output and strengthened the economy. Conrad (2006) adds that some of the Maya cities were endowed with valuable resources.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, salt, one of the most valuab le items at this period, was readily available. For that reason, trade involving salt and other luxuries raised the profile of states and rulers within the Maya Civilization. Furthermore, some of the Maya states had powerful warlords who could subdue and capture neighbouring territories. For instance, Tikal, during the reign of Jaguar Paw, conquered many states (Conrad 2006). According to most scholars, the collapse of the Maya Civilization is still debatable (Demarest 2004). There has been little agreement on the causes and nature of this collapse. In 800 A.D., the Maya Civilization consisted of hundreds of powerful cities (Minster n.d.). At the same time, Maya culture was thriving. However, in 900 A.D., the civilization was in ruins. This mysterious down fall can be traced to a number of factors. To start with, most of the Ancient Maya states had a flexible system of succession (Demarest 2004). Therefore, these states allowed a suitable heir to take the mantle of leadership after a ruler died. Nonetheless, this succession system was highly unstable due to frequent battles for the throne. Constant wars led to the disintegration of alliances formed by prominent leaders. Therefore, unstable dynamics of famous cities such as Tikal and Calakmul are some of the factors that contributed to the collapse of the Maya Civilization. Cross cultural studies show that complex societies are problem-solving institutions (Demarest 2004). For that reason, they offer more social disparity, more inequality and more centralization. Most Maya cities were decentralized with communities and families taking charge of many segments of the economy. These social weaknesses contributed to the inability of the Classic Maya states to compete with neighbouring states in Mesoamerica. Neighbouring states had adopted a more centralized approach in which elites directly managed trade, rituals and warfare (Demarest 2004). Additionally, termination of trade routes connecting states in the Maya Ci vilization had a direct effect on its decline (Conrad 2006). Reduced trade routes meant that less trade took place within the civilization. Finally, Suck (2008) reiterates that the collapse of Mayaââ¬â¢s central lowland cities was due to insufficient agricultural activities. Widespread deforestation resulted into droughts which led to massive crop failures. According to Suck (2008), these droughts were related to climate change brought about by environmental degradation. To many people, the achievements of the ancient Maya are astounding. Similarly, its decline and disappearance is a mystery to many. However, the remains of Maya Civilization help in understanding its volatile and vibrant political structure and ideology, rituals and the instability that facilitated its decline (Demarest 2004). Nonetheless, scholars have conflicting evidence on its collapse. Therefore, the debate on the decline of the Maya Civilization is still alive.Advertising We will write a custom essay s ample on The Maya Civilisation (Central America) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Conrad, D 2006, The ancient Maya: A commercial empire. Web. Demarest, A 2004, Ancient Maya: The rise and fall of a rainforest civilisation, Cambridge University Press, New York. Minster, c n.d., What happened to the ancientà Maya? Web. Suck, C 2008, The classic Maya collapse, Totem: The University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 16, no.1. Web. This essay on The Maya Civilisation (Central America) was written and submitted by user Kaitlynn Gould to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-73484344290792632592019-11-26T20:14:00.001-08:002019-11-26T20:14:04.535-08:00Current Issues And Corporate Failures Of Maxwell Communication Accounting Essay Essay ExampleCurrent Issues And Corporate Failures Of Maxwell Communication Accounting Essay Essay Example Current Issues And Corporate Failures Of Maxwell Communication Accounting Essay Essay Current Issues And Corporate Failures Of Maxwell Communication Accounting Essay Essay Introduction The focal point of this essay is to follow the development of corporate administration in the context of the UK over the past old ages. I will besides be looking at the impacts of corporate failure in Maxwell communicating. Finally, decision will be given. Background of Maxwell Communication Robert Maxwell was born British on 10 June 1923 and died on 5 November 1991, and was member of media owner and former member of parliament, ( MP ) who rose from poorness to construct an extended publication imperium, which collapsed after his decease due to the deceitful minutess Maxwell had committed to back up his concern imperium, including illegal usage of pension financess. Corporate Administration Corporate administration is the procedure of supervising and control intended to guarantee that the company s direction act in conformity with the involvements of stockholders. ( Parkinson, 1994 ) Corporate administration is concerned with issues such as effectivity and efficiency of operations, dependability of fiscal coverage, conformity with the jurisprudence and ordinances, and safeguarding of assets. Corporate administration commissions The Cadbury study 1992 As a consequence of the Maxwell matter in 1991 which saw Maxwell abuse his power and take money out of a pension fund to put in his concern activities, the Cadbury study in 1992 was formed covering three countries board of managers, scrutinizing and stockholders. The Cadbury study focused attending on the board of managers as being the most of import corporate administration mechanism, necessitating changeless monitoring and appraisal. However, the accounting and scrutinizing map were besides to play an indispensable function in good corporate administration, stressing the importance of corporate transparence and communicating with stockholders and other stakeholders . ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) The Greenbury study 1995 As a consequence of public and stockholders concerns about manager s wage a 2nd commission was formed which produced the Greenbury codification of best pattern in 1995. The new codification focused on four major countries, The function of a Remuneration Committee in puting the wage bundles for the CEO and other managers ; The needed degree of revelation needed by stockholders sing inside informations of managers wage and whether there is the demand to obtain stockholder blessing ; Specific guidelines for finding a wage policy for managers ; and eventually Service contracts and commissariats adhering the Company to pay compensation to a manager, peculiarly in the event of dismissal for unsatisfactory public presentation. The Greenbury Code recommended the constitution of a wage Committee, consisting wholly of non-executive managers, to find the wage of the executive managers. However, in footings of service contracts, Greenbury recommended a maximal notice period of 12 months instead than three old ages as suggested by Cadbury. It was non widely accepted as many believed that the recommendations made did non sufficiently cover with the issue of associating managers pay to the Company s public presentation in the involvements of stockholders. ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) Hampel study 1998 The Hampel Committee was established in 1996 to reexamine and revise the earlier recommendations of the Cadbury and Greenbury Committees. The Final study emphasized rules of good administration instead than explicit regulations in order to cut down the regulative load on companies and avoid box-ticking so as to be flexible adequate to be applicable to all companies. It was recognized that good corporate administration will mostly depend on the peculiar state of affairs of each company. This accent on rules would last into the Combined Code. Hampel viewed administration from a rigorous principal/agent position sing corporate administration as an chance to heighten long term stockholder value, which was asserted as the primary aim of the company. This was a new development from the Cadbury and Greenbury Codes which had chiefly focused on forestalling the maltreatment of the discretional authorization entrusted to direction. In peculiar, the study favoured greater stockholder engagement in company personal businesss. For illustration, while the study recommended that unrelated proposals should non be bundled under one declaration stockholders, peculiarly institutional stockholders, were expected to follow a, considered policy on vote. Another cardinal progress was in the country of answerability and audit. The Board was identified as holding duty to keep a sound system of internal control, thereby safeguarding stockholders investings. Further, the Board was to be held accountable for all facets of hazard direction, as opposed to merely the fiscal controls as recommended by Cadbury. Hampel did non progress the argument on manager s wage, taking merely to repeat rules built-in in Greenbury. In peculiar Hampel did non believe that managers wage should be a affair for stockholder blessing in general meeting. This would non go a demand until the debut of The Directors Remuneration Report Regulations in 2002. ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) Combined Code 1998 The Combined Code consolidated the rules and recommendations of the Cadbury, Greenbury and Hampel studies. It was formulated in 1998 and revised in 2003 following the publication of the Higgs study. The Code is divided into two subdivisions. The first lineations rules of best pattern and their supporting commissariats for companies, while the 2nd does the same for stockholders. While conformity with the Code is non compulsory, the Code was appended to the listing regulations and listing regulation 12:43A requires a statement by companies to supply stockholders with sufficient information to be able to measure the extent of conformity with subdivision one of the Code. Cases of non-compliance should be justified to shareholders.16 November, 2004 Milestones in UK Corporate Governance Section 1 of the Code is comprehensive covering subjects such as the composing and operations of the Board, managers wage, relationships with stockholders, the supply of information, and answerability and audit. The fact that the Code has provided both rules and commissariats has resulted in a Code that is powerful plenty to consequence specific recommendations and flexible plenty to be applicable to most companies. Section 2 of the Code is much shorter, covering stockholder vote, duologue with companies and the rating of administration revelations. As institutional investors invest on behalf of the stockholders they represent they have a duty to keep the companies in which they invest to account. In peculiar, the Code recognized that the duty for keeping good duologue and common apprehension belongs to both companies and its institutional investors. Finally when measuring the quality of administration revelation by companies, institutional investors are to give due weight to all relevant factors. This is instead obscure and the country has been recognized as a defect of the Code, taking to rank associations of institutional investors holding to bring forth counsel to its members on this country. ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) The Turnbull study 1999 The turnbull commission was established specifically to turn to the issues of internal control and respond to the commissariats in the combined codification. The study provided an overview of the systems of internal control in being in the UK companies and made clear recommendations for betterments, without taking a normative attack. ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) Higgs Report 2003 A study was published in 2003 following Derek Higgs study into the function of non executive managers. The study recommended a figure of alterations to the Combined Code and a alteration of the Code in July 2003 incorporated most of the Higgs recommendations. The Report examined the function, independency and enlisting of non-executive managers. Higgs viewed the non-executive manager s function as: Making parts to corporate scheme ; supervising the public presentation of executive direction ; fulfilling them selves sing the effectivity of internal control ; Puting the wage of executive managers ; and being involved in the nomination, remotion and sequence planning of senior direction. The Combined Code recommended that Boards should consist of at least one-third non executive managers, a bulk of whom should be independent. However, the Code did non detail how to measure independency. Therefore Higgs outlined a series of trials of independency such as length of service, associations to executive direction, fiscal involvement or important shareholding. In peculiar cross-directorships were identified as compromising independency, the simplest instance being where two managers act as executive managers and non executive managers instead at two companies. However, in pattern there may be a complicated web of inter-relationships such that it remains hard to externally find a managers independency. With respect to recruitment, Higgs recommended stronger commissariats regulating nomination commissions. Higgs called for all listed companies to set up a nomination commission, chaired by an independent non executive manager ( non the Chairman ) and consisting a bulk of independent non-executive managers. However, it was recognized that the recommendations sing non-executive managers would be harder for smaller companies to follow. ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) The Smith study 2003 As an concomitant to the Higgs study another reappraisal was commissioned by the UK authorities in response to the Enron dirt, with the purpose of analyzing the function of the audit commission in the UK corporate administration. The study dealt with the relationship between the external hearers and the companies they audit, every bit good as the function and duties of companies audit commissions. ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) Revised Combined Code 2003 The revised Combined Code, published in July 2003 was a direct consequence of the recommendations of the Higgs study outlined above and besides the Smith reappraisal refering Audit Committees. As with the 1998 Combined Code, companies are required to describe on their conformity against the Code and should explicate countries of non-compliance. The revised Combined Code is effectual for Companies with fiscal old ages get downing on or after 1 November 2003. The new Code sums to a important alteration of the 1998 Code. In peculiar the Code calls for, a separation of the functions of the Chairman and Chief Executive. The Chairman should fulfill the standards for independency on assignment, but should non, thenceforth, be considered independent when measuring the balance of board rank ; A Board of at least half independent non executive managers. The Code defines independency as recommended by the Higgs Report ; Candidates for Board choice to be drawn from a wider pool ; the Board, its commissions and managers to be capable to an one-year public presentation reappraisal ; at least one member of the audit commission to hold recent and relevant fiscal experience ; and In contrast to the Higgs Report, the revised Code permits the Chairman to chair the nominations commission, except where the commission is sing the assignment of the president s replacement. ( Jill and Airs Solomon ) The impacts of corporate failure in Maxwell communicating Fraud-proofing pension strategies is about impossible, but in response to Robert Maxwell s larceny of more than four 100 and 50 million lbs from his employees pension financess the authorities set up the Pension Compensation Board. This board ensures that money that is non returned to the pension fund by the employer is compensated, up to a upper limit of 90 per centum of the entire losingss. The thought is that employees should neer be so badly disadvantaged by pension fund fraud once more. The fund directors, under the way of Robert Maxwell, used the collateral from these loans to shore up up the portion monetary value of the ailing group and farther increased the fund s exposure to self-investments. As the group collapsed, a big per centum of the pension fund assets were lost. Following this dirt, a self-investment bound of 5 % was introduced and legal guardians were given the duty to guarantee such bounds were adhered to. The 1995 Pensions Act besides introduced mulcts for regulation breaches by legal guardians, and eventual disqualification and emphasised the demand for equal administration criterions and basic prudential investing direction rules. In peculiar, it introduced a demand for independent keepers, less purchase by the employer over the legal guardians ( more employee legal guardians ) , and better independent actuarial information for legal guardians. Furthermore, statute laws besides differ in the extent to which there are direct or indirect qualitative controls on the function of pension financess in corporate personal businesss. These include for illustration, regulations on engagement in stockholder meetings, on voting confederations between different pension financess, and on the election of boards of private corporations. Pension financess in the UK for illustration, have no legal responsibility to vote, while those in the US do. On the other manus, UK pension financess that hold a block of portions are non capable to any filing demands, wile those in the US must register the 13 ( vitamin D ) Form with the Securities Exchange Commission. US pension financess can in fact be sued for transgressing any responsibility of revelation to their program participants. This applies to investors who, separately or jointly, keep 5 % or more of a house s equity. Hence, while single action by a pension fund is non required in the UK, UK financess face fewer revelation obstructions to move jointly than their US opposite numbers when vote in the election of boards of companies. In reasoning good corporate administration is non merely a affair of ordering to peculiar corporate constructions and following with a figure of difficult fast regulations. There is an underlying demand for wide rules that extend beyond immediate effects to societal effects. The ways in which a company gives consequence to these rules might take to the corporate failure, and this differs harmonizing to its size, complexness and whether its portions are made publically available. As Maxwell communicating collapsed, a big per centum of the pension fund assets were lost. Following this dirt, a self-investment bound of 5 % was introduced and legal guardians were given the duty to guarantee such bounds were adhered to kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-44995787364785966522019-11-23T03:48:00.001-08:002019-11-23T03:48:04.261-08:00Click and Drag a Delphi Form Without the Caption BarClick and Drag a Delphi Form Without the Caption Bar The most common way to move a window is to drag it by its title bar. Read on to find out how you can provide dragging capabilities for Delphi forms without a title bar, so the user can move a form by clicking anywhere on the client area. For example, consider the case of a Windows application that doesnt have a title bar, how can we move such a window?à In fact, its possible to create windows with a nonstandard title bar and even non-rectangular forms. In this case, how could Windows know where the borders and the corners of the window are? The WM_NCHitTest Windows Message The Windows operating system is heavily based on handling messages. For example, when you click on a window or a control, Windows sends it a wm_LButtonDown message, with additional information about where the mouse cursor is and which control keys are currently pressed. Sounds familiar? Yes, this is nothing more than an OnMouseDown event in Delphi. Similarly, Windows sends a wm_NCHitTest message whenever a mouse event occurs, that is, when the cursor moves, or when a mouse button is pressed or released. Code to Input If we can make Windows think that the user is dragging (has clicked on) the title bar rather than the client area, then the user could drag the window by clicking in the client area. The easiest way to do this is to fool Windows into thinking that youre actually clicking on the title bar of a form. Heres what you have to do: 1. Insert the following line into your forms Private declarations section (message handling procedure declaration): procedure WMNCHitTest(var Msg: TWMNCHitTest) ; message WM_NCHitTest; 2. Add the following code into the implementation section of your forms unit (where Form1 is theà assumed form name): procedure TForm1.WMNCHitTest(var Msg: TWMNCHitTest) ;begin à à inherited;à à if Msg.Result htClient then Msg.Result : htCaption;end; The first line of code in the message handler calls the inherited method to obtain the default handling for the wm_NCHitTest message. The If part in the procedure intercepts and changes your windows behavior. This is what actually happens: when the operating system sends a wm_NCHitTest message to the window, together with the mouse coordinates, the window returns a code that states which portion of itself has been hit. The important piece of information, for our task, is in the value of the Msg.Result field. At this point, we have an opportunity to modify the message result. This is what we do: if the user has clicked in the forms client area we make Windows to think the user clicked on the title bar. In Object Pascal words: if the message return value is HTCLIENT, we simply change it to HTCAPTION. No More Mouse Events By changing the default behavior of our forms we remove the ability of Windows to notify you when the mouse is over the client area. One side effect of this trick is that your form will no longer generate events for mouse messages. Captionless-Borderless Window If you want a captionless borderless window similar to a floating toolbar, set the Forms Caption to an empty string, disable all of the BorderIcons, and set the BorderStyle to bsNone. A form can be changed in various ways by applying custom code in the CreateParams method. More WM_NCHitTest Tricks If you look more carefully at the wm_NCHitTest message youll see that return value of the function indicates the position of the cursor hot spot. This enables us to play some more with the message to create strange results. The following code fragment will prevent users to close your forms by clicking on the Close button. if Msg.Result htClose then Msg.Result : htNowhere; If the user is trying to move the form by clicking on the caption bar and dragging, the code replaces the result of the message with a result which indicates the user clicked on the client area. This prevents the user from moving the window with the mouse (opposite to what we were doing in the begging of the article). if Msg.Result htCaption then Msg.Result : htClient; Having Components On a Form In most cases, well have some components on a form. Lets say, for example, that one Panel object is on a form. If Align property of a panel is set to alClient, the Panel fills the entire client area so that it is impossible to select the parent form by clicking on it. The code above will not work - why? Its because the mouse is always moving over the Panel component, not the form. To move our form by dragging a panel on the form we have to add few lines of code in the OnMouseDown event procedure for the Panel component: procedure TForm1.Panel1MouseDownà à (Sender: TObject; Button: TMouseButton;à à Shift: TShiftState; X, Y: Integer) ;begin à à ReleaseCapture; à à SendMessage(Form1.Handle, WM_SYSCOMMAND, 61458, 0) ; end; Note: This code will not work with non-window controls such as TLabel components. kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-9295115521417454172019-11-21T04:07:00.001-08:002019-11-21T04:07:06.628-08:00Managing strategic change is fundamental to business success Discuss EssayManaging strategic change is fundamental to business success Discuss - Essay Example Lewin attempted to explain organizational change by using the example of the physical changes an ice cube undergoes over time. He noted that if you have an ice cube that you want to change to a cone of ice, you melt the ice cube (unfreeze) then you model (change) the water into the cone shape you want by freezing the water (refreeze). By analyzing the change as a process, with specific stages, a manager can begin to monitor and manage the transition. Understanding the reason why the change has to take place is very important in any successful process of change. During the unfreezing stage, some factors have to be accomplished. The organization is prepared in order to accept the changes required. It entails breaking down the existing procedures and management strategies to facilitate the adoption of changes. An important aspect of this process is identifying and developing a good reason why the organization cannot continue in its current way of doing things. Pointers such as poor financial results, declining sales figures, negative feedback from customer satisfaction surveys can be useful in developing the message necessitating the need for change that other people can see, preparing the organization for the impending changes is necessary and the process begins at the center of the organization. Beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors that are currently held must be challenged to pave way for the implementation of the needed changes. This is the most problematic stage because by disrupting the way things are usually done, you destabilize people in the organization who depend on routine to perform their daily duties, which may evoke very strong reactions from the people affected. There is uncertainty created. Through challenging the organization to change, a controlled crisis is created that can be a tool for motivation in order to establish a new equilibrium where people are comfortable with the new changes. At kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-47905519286640272412019-11-19T17:25:00.001-08:002019-11-19T17:25:04.559-08:00The Current and Future use of Internet Technologies for LLOYDS TSB EssayThe Current and Future use of Internet Technologies for LLOYDS TSB Bank - Essay Example The first ATM put up by City Bank of New York heralded the era where technology graduated from being a superficial accessory to being an integral part of the entire banking process. The present form of online banking finds its roots in the pioneering initiative launched by four of the major banks of New York, Citibank, Chemical Bank, Chase Manhattan and Manufacturers Hanover bank. These banks simultaneously, yet individually, offered home banking services that allowed bank customer to maintain records as well as carry out transactions without leaving the comforts of their home (Mary J.C., 1997) Internet Banking received a major boost with the rapid development and penetration of banking activities conducted over the internet. Activities like money transfer and securities trading can be done through internet banking. Itââ¬â¢s a virtual bank in itself which is often an extension of its brick and mortar model. With expanding information technology it is wise for the banks to adopt and leverage it, for expansion of business and better and faster delivery of services to the customer. Some of the benefits of internet banking are:à Internet banking is being used both in B2B (business to business) and retail banking. There are also some banks which only have a virtual presence, for example Nexity Bank. Generally bigger banks tend to offer internet banking. This is because smaller banks often find the cost of the service unprofitable before they expand to a certain scale (Gup B.E., 2003) Lloyds TSB is the largest retail bank in UK serving over 30 million customers. Being one of the largest banks in UK and the world, it has taken to internet technology in a big way and offers an array of services to its customers over the internet. Some of the internet banking services offered by TSB are like payment of bills, management of direct debit and standing orders, online application for savings accountââ¬â over draft ââ¬â kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-5124114704076787382019-11-17T05:57:00.001-08:002019-11-17T05:57:02.557-08:00Probing and Using Website Resources Essay Example for Free Probing and Using Website Resources Essay One vital consideration in writing any factual paper is the quality of evidence provided to prove a particular point in the paper. Whether it be an essay, a research, a thesis or a term paper or a dissertation, or any other form of scholarly writing, one should consider the veracity of information provided. To do this, one should probe not just the quality of the information but also the source from which the data came from. More often than not, oneââ¬â¢s primary source of information is the internet. How then could one determine which information should be considered authentic and credible and which should be considered as junk? A number of reference materials are available online: e-books, books converted to e-texts, periodicals (newspapers, magazines, trade and industry journals, scholarly journals), essays, articles. In deciding from what particular internet page should a bit of information be lifted, one should determine the credibility of source, evaluate the accuracy or objectivity of the material, trace history of the source to ascertain the informationââ¬â¢s relevance to current situations, and establish the reliability of the materials to be cited. To have a clearer understanding of the process, we shall examine two web sites linking to specific pages that expound on gender difference and related article. Following are the sites that will be the foci of the evaluation: 1. Wang, Jiongjiong, et al. (2007) ââ¬Å"Gender difference in neural response to psychological stress. â⬠Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2007 2(3):227-239. Retrieved March 26, 2009 from Oxford Journals Website: http://scan. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/content/full/2/3/227. 2. Brescoll Victoria. (2008, April 4). ââ¬Å"People Accept Anger In Men, But Women Who Lose Their Temper Are Seen As Less Competent, Study Shows. â⬠ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 26, 2009, from http://www. sciencedaily. comà ¬ /releases/2008/04/080402152707. htm Probing and Using Website Resources 2 Since the first website is an online facility for the Oxford University Press, hence materials that are available in the site are likewise available in print. Scholarly journals usually reports results of original research, contains an in-depth analysis of the subject matter (hence present lengthy articles), are intended for academic audience and usually presents materials that have been reviewed by other people who have authority over the subject. Scholarly journals likewise contain academic level book reviews. Like any printed scholarly journals oxfordjournals. com presents the article with all the vital elements: complete research headings (abstract, body of the research, supplementary data and the reference section). Researchers, academicians, professors and scholars are the usual authors of articles in a scholarly journal. In this website, reference to the credibility of the authors are indicated by their other writings available either in print or on-line in the reference section at the end of the article. Graphics are likewise provided to better explain certain points in the research (i. e. charts, table, formulas, and diagrams). What makes the article more trustworthy is the fact that other materials where the article has been cited were also mentioned at the latter part of the page. What makes the material user friendly is the use of hyperlinks that make it easier for users to navigate throughout the site with ease. The second website is that of ScienceDaily. com, which features a Yale University psychologistââ¬â¢s article on the relating otherââ¬â¢s perception of a personââ¬â¢s competency and general favorable acceptance to gender-related display of emotional response. In contrast to the other website, the writing style used in presenting the ideas of the writer is less formal, concise and more direct forward. Furthermore, general information about the Probing and Using Website Resources 3 subject and the results of a particular study that serves as the authorââ¬â¢s supporting material. No proper reference to the source had been mentioned however, thus limiting a researcherââ¬â¢s grasp of the complete idea or result of the study presented in the article. In addition to this, there were no graphs or other representations to further explain the subject are seen on the page, except for graphical illustrations of other sites and that have linked to the site for marketing purposes and hyperlinks used basically to promote an institution, a program or other articles. These advertisements makes reading less centered on the article and more directed to other sites promoting other products. All these made the previously explored site more credible than this site. Considering the evaluation, I prefer the first website over the second for the following reasons: 1) the first website presents overall credibility on the subject matter being presented; 2) although the 2nd website is easier to read and can be read in less than five minutes, the first website presented the result of the research in part (sub-headings, hyperlinks and color coded divisions [gray-colored boxes to separate graphics and sub-headings from the main content]), which made it easier to understand although would take more time to finish; 3) lesser advertisements are seen on the second website making the reading process more directed to the material; and 4) site-related inquiries (i. e. feedback and subscription forms) are placed strategically within the page. After evaluating these cites, I realized that not all data that may be seen on the net should immediately be considered credible. One should be responsible in determining the credibility of the source of the material as well as the reliability of the data presented in the material. Probing and Using Website Resources References: Wang, Jiongjiong, et al. (2007) ââ¬Å"Gender difference in neural response to psychological stress. â⬠Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. Retrieved March 26, 2009 from Oxford Journals Website: http://scan. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/content/full/2/3/227. Yale University (2008, April 4). People Accept Anger In Men, But Women Who Lose Their Temper Are Seen As Less Competent, Study Shows. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 26, 2009, from http://www. sciencedaily. comà ¬ /releases/2008/04/080402152707. htm kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7359408641968993876.post-68045822461905828992019-11-14T18:28:00.001-08:002019-11-14T18:28:05.296-08:00Difficulty With Essays -- Writing Education Writer EssaysDifficulty With Essays Trying to write an essay is difficult. Reading a book with the very nicely written essays is great and allows me to see examples of good essays. Suggestions such as the journalistââ¬â¢s questions, mapping, brainstorming, and idea books give support and guidance that are supposed to be helpful. After reading all the material of what goes into an essay and the helpful suggestions to get me started in the right direction, such as ways to overcome writerââ¬â¢s block, it is time to begin. Still nothing; I just sit there in front of the computer. I ask myself, how can I use all of the useful information that has been given to me? I try mapping and brainstorming, but a topic or idea is needed. Frustration, irritation, and confusion are very strong emotions I have at this point. I go back to the text and reread one of the stories, and something clicks. An experience comes to me that can be related easily to one of the stories in the required text, so I begin. Ideas for the essay pop into my head. Writing begins fast at first with all the examples found, personal experiences I can write about, and the thoughts evoked by the story that was read or idea I came up with. When rereading what has been put down on paper or typed on the computer, it all of a sudden becomes unclear or out of focus as to what those written words have to do with the thesis or the story. The ideas somehow have nothing to do with what I was trying to convey. The frustration of what is in my head and what I want to put down on paper is intense. When taking my ideas to someone to run by them, again the ideas sound great and clear. I do not know how many times I have heard, ââ¬Å"Thatââ¬â¢s great! Write it like you just told me.â⬠How did ... ...the ideas that I am trying to express in my essay? How do I get them to come across to the reader in sentences that make sense? How do I come up with enough of them to cover the amount of pages required? The Websterââ¬â¢s Pocket Dictionary and Thesaurus are my only insight into the world of words and their meaning or usage. How wonderful it would be to have the ability to sit down and just write colorful and animated essays without frustration, irritation, and confusion. I can see my fingers flying across the keyboard, putting down words that make sense to the reader and me. What a thought! Someday this might happen, but until it does reality returns and I am once again asking myself if what I am writing is good enough. Work Cited Valeri-Gold, Maria, and Mary P. Deming. Making Connection Through Reading and Writing. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1994. kristenell23http://www.blogger.com/profile/18155455211224785661noreply@blogger.com0